UC  NHLF 


lllllllllllllllllllll 


lillll 


B    M    572    =ibS 


THE  AMERICAN  FLAG 


V 

r 

1- 

r 

r 

r 

5 

LIBRA.RV 

OK  THK 

University  of  California. 

RECEIVED    BY    EXCHANGE 

Class 

THE   AMERICAN   FLAG 


Up  with  our  banner  />ri<;/it, 
Sftrinkled  ivith  starry  light, 
Sfiread  its  fair  eiiihlems  from  mountain  to  shore, 
H'liile  thrrju'^h  the  sounding  sky 
Loud  rings  the  Xation's  cry, — 
UMOX    AM)    IJBliRTY.'     OSF.    EIERMORH.' 

Olivfr   Wenoei.i.   Hoi.MKb 


THE  AMERICAN   FLAG 


NEW    \()RK    STATE    EDIC  A  IION    DIl'AR  IMENT 
SIXl'H    ANNIAL    RKPORl- SI  PPLKMENIAL    VOLUMK 


COMIMLtD    AND    EBITED    BV 

HARLAN    HOYT    HORNER 


STAIE   OF    NEW    YORK 

EDUCATION    DEPARTMENT 

ALBANY 

1910 


^/>,\ 


The  Liberty  R.-ll 


vwv:  cvM.i.  OF   iiii:  v\.\g 

TWV.  strong  colors  ami  rlu-  gloiioiis  Inaurx"  ot  rlu- 
Aiiuricaii  Hag  cxiircss  well  rlu-  on  t-rw  liclniing  tact  ot 
iiiodtrn  l"iistor\- — the  cxolutioii  ot  tlu-  Aiiurican  Rc- 
piiblic.  \\  hcrt'N t-r  it  nia\'  he,  rlu-  flag  is  both  attractnc  ami 
assertive.  in  the  home  the  colors  do  not  clash  with  other 
colors.  It  the\  do  not  hlend,  neither  do  the\'  repel.  In  the 
remotest  distance  the  Hag  ma\'  he  seen  aho\e  e\er\'  other 
object  and  distinguishetl  trom  e\er\'  other  l^ag.  The  red  and 
white  stripes  stantling  tor  the  origmal  stares,  ami  the  sil\er\' 
stars  representing  the  Union,  radiate  ami  scintillate  as  tar  as 
the  eve  can  reach.  Far  or  near,  the  American  Hag  is  true 
and  sure,  brilliant  and  radiant,  cordial  and  imlependent. 

It  is  a  modern  flag.  There  are  no  m\  rhs  or  legends,  no 
ruins  or  heraklrx',  no  armour  or  castles  about  it.  It  expresses 
the  jiolitical  independence  of  a  plain  people,  the  advance  ot  a 
new  nation,  the  selt-conscious  power,  the  contident  asjiirations, 
and  the  uni\ersal  good  will  ot  popular  goNernment. 

\\  hat  has  been  said  ot  the  Haii  has  larjielv  been  inspiretl 
by  war.  Souls  must  be  aflame  to  give  out  oratory  and  poetr\'. 
The  flag  has  man\-  times  been  at  the  battle  front.  The  sight 
of  It  has  inspired  man\'  a  bo\'  to  do  and  die  tor  his  countrx . 
It  was  in  the  crucial  canijiaign  ot  the  Revolution,  that  tor  the 
possession  of  New  ^ Ork,  beginning  at  Fort  Schu\ler,  conrmu- 
mn  at  ()riskan\',  and  endinir  with  the  surrender  ot  Buriiosne's 
entire  arm\'  at  Saratoga,  that  the  flat:  ^^''^  hrsr  trixeii  to  the 
air  in  the  face  of  an  enemy.  In  this  state  it  began  to  gather 
the  deep  love  of  a  tree  people.  1  hat  lo\e  has  since  grown 
deeper  ami  \'et  deeper  through  the  hail  ami  Hanu-,  rlu-  luioisms 
and  tleaths,  of  an  hundred  battles.  It  is  sad  that  war  had  to 
be,  but  tor  us  there  was  no  other  waw  liuKpeiuleiux-  ot 
Britain  l.'ould  not  come  In  arbination.  I  he  I  mon  could  nor 
be  saved  In'  negotiation.  I'lghtmg  is  bad  business,  but  there 
are  tinus  when  it  is  better  than  submission.  I  he  strength 
and  courage  ot  a  juople  are  the  guardians  ot  their  peace, 
ot  their  Iriedom,  and  ot  their  progress.  1  he  perils,  the 
suflirmgs,  and  the  heroisms  of  the  count!}'  iiave  made 
the  literature  of  rlu-   fla<i. 


20274(> 


I>ut  the  flag  o\  rlu-  American  I  nion,  now  as  never  before, 
tells  of  toleration  and  ot  good  will,  ot  education  and  of 
industr\'.  It  has  welcomed  millions  from  all  nations  of  the 
world  and  has  held  out  the  ecjual  chance  to  all  who  came 
under  its  folds.  Kvery  new  star  added  to  its  blue  field  has 
told  of  a  new  state,  and  every  new  state  tells  of  more  farms 
cleared,  more  factories  opened,  more  churches  and  schools  set 
in  motion,  and  more  laws  and  courts  to  regulate  them  all 
and  to  assure  the  ecjual  rights  of  ever\'  one. 

Out  of  the  equal  chance  of  freemen,  out  ot  the  farms  and 
forests  and  mines,  out  of  the  majestic  rivers  and  charming 
\  alleys  and  l()ft\"  mountains,  and  out  of  the  bracing  an-  that  is 
filled  with  simshine,  might)'  public  works  and  marxelous  insti- 
tutions of  culture  have  sprung.  Railways  and  roadways, 
tunnels  and  acjueducts,  newspapers  and  magazines,  theaters 
and  art  galleries,  cathedrals  and  universities,  have  grown. 
They  are  the  products  and  the  promoters  of  ci\ili/atu)n  and 
they  give  strength  and  stateliness  to  the  flag. 

The  American  flag  has  looked  down  upon  the  writing  of 
more  constitutions  and  the  making  of  more  laws  than  an\- 
other  flair  in  histor\'.  Some  of  this  law-ma kuiir  has  been 
crude,  and  perhaps  some  of  it  has  been  mistaken,  but  it  has 
been  both  the  necessary  accompaniment  and  the  stimulating 
cause  of  our  wonderful  national  e\  olution. 

As  man  does  so  is  he.  All  of  these  industrial,  educational, 
religious,  and  political  doings  have  produced  a  new  nation  of 
keen,  alert,  sinewy,  and  right-minded  people  who  have  power 
and  know^  it.  They  have  the  traits  of  a  }-oung  nation.  But 
they  are  lacking  neither  in  introspection,  nor  in  imagination, 
nor  in  humor.  More  knowledge  of  other  peoples  than  their 
fathers  had  and  increasing  responsibilities  are  sobering  and 
steadying  them.  In  their  dealings  with  other  peoples  they 
intend  to  be  just,  frank,  magnanimous.  Iheir  political  phi- 
losophy is  only  the  logical  outworking  ot  the  (Jolden  Rule. 
1  hey  have  undoubting  faith  in  democrac\'  and  would  exem- 
plit\'  it  in  wa\'s  to  commend  and  extend  it. 

The  American  flag  expresses  a  glorious  history,  but  it  does 
not  hark  back  to  it  overmuch.  It  looks  forward  more  than 
backward.  It  calls  upon  us  to  do  for  this  generation  and  to 
regard  all  the  generations  that  will  follow  after.  It  knows 
that  some  time  there  will  be  five  hundred  or  a  thousand  mil- 
lions of  people  in  the   United  States  instead  of  one  hundred 


millions.  It  expects  still  greater  public  works  iiiul  main  more 
public  con\eniences.  It  sees  better  than  an\'  one  of  us  does 
how  hard  it  will  be  tor  such  a  self-governing  people  to  hold 
what  belonjis  to  rhem  in  common,  and  to  manajie  their  tireat 
enter|")rises  without  trauils  and  for  the  good  of  all. 

1  he  jiiople  ot  the  Inited  States  are  not  onU  {\\v  pro- 
prietors ol  great  natural  possessions;  the\-  are  inheritors  of 
the  natural  rights  of  man,  fought  for  b\  their  ancestors  in  the 
mother  country,  granted  in  the  great  charters  of  Ijiglish 
liberty,  and  established  in  the  English  common  law.  Ihey 
have  added  to  this  what  seemed  worth  takinir  from  other 
systems  of  jurisprudence  and  from  the  manifold  experiences  of 
other  lands;  they  have  proved  their  capacit\  to  administer  their 
inheritance,  and  to  their  natural  and  political  estates  they 
have  added  the  experiences  of  their  own  successful  and  notable 
national  career.  Ihe  flag  not  only  adjures  us  to  guard  what  we 
have  in  property  and  in  law,  but  to  train  the  children  so  that 
the  men  and  women  ot  the  tuture  may  administer  their  inherit- 
ance better  than  we  have  ours  or  than  our  lathers  did  theirs. 
\  he  flag  does  more  than  emblazon  a  momentous  and 
glorious  histor\';  it  declares  the  purposes  and  heralds  the 
ideals  of  the  Republic;  it  admonishes  us  to  uphold  the  inherent 
rights  of  all  men;  it  tells  us  to  stand  for  international  justice 
and  conciliation ;  and  it  encourages  us  to  accept  the  conse- 
quences without  fear.  It  hails  us  to  individual  duties  and  the 
cooperation  which  alone  can  maintain  equality  of  rights  and 
tulness  ot  opportunity  in  America.  It  insists  that  we  set  a 
compelling  example  which  will  enlarge  both  security  and  free- 
dom, both  peace  and  prosperity,  in  all  parts  of  the  world. 

A  flag  ot  glowmg  sjilendor  calls  to  a  nation  t)f  intinite 
possibilities.  It  calls  upon  the  American  people  to  conserve 
property,  health,  and  morals;  to  preach  the  gospel  of  work 
and  protect  the  accumulations  of  thritt;  to  open  e\ery  kind  of 
school  to  all  manner  of  people;  and  to  spare  neither  alertness 
nor  torce  in  keeping  clean  the  springs  of  political  action  and 
in  punishing  vtnality  in  public  lite.  That  is  the  c:dl  of  the 
radiant  flag  ot  the  Inion  to  the  .self-jroverninji  nation  of  the 
western  world  which  is  being  compounded  out  of  all  the 
nations  and  is  creating;  a  new  manner  of  civilization  out  of  all 
the  civilizations  of  the-  earth. 

AnDRKW    S.    DR.Xi'HR, 

Cotnttiissioficr  of  Ediicdiioii. 


TiiK   Vi.\(:  OF  Spain  ix   I4q2 
The  Personal  Banner  of  Coi.UMnis 


0'\  \^    Jc-    ¥   -^mM 


22»-^* 


From  Avcrv's  Hist.irv  oi  ilitr  Unilnl  Stales 

The  Landin"  of  Columlnis 


THK    MAKIXC;   OF    TllK   FT. AC 

Till',  first  flails,  according  to  authentic  record,  raised 
In  \\  liitc  men  in  America  were  those  w  hicli  Christoj^her 
Cohmihus  brought  to  the  ishmd  ot  San  Salvador, 
October  I2,  1492.  His  son  thus  chronicles  the  ceremony  of 
the  landing:  "Columbus,  dressed  in  scarlet,  first  stepped  on 
shore  from  the  little  boat  which  bore  him  from  his  vessels, 
bearing  the  royal  standards  ot  Spam,  embla/.oned  with  the 
arms  of  Castile  and  Leon,  in  his  own  hand,  followed  by  the 
Pin/ons,  in  their  own  boats,  each  bearing  the  banner  of  the 
expedition,  which  was  a  white  flag,  with  a  green  cross,  having 
on  each  side  the  letters  F  and  Y,  surmounted  bA'  golden  crowns." 
The  last  named  was  the  personal  Hag  of  the  great  sailor,  the 
gift  of  Queen  Isabella  to  him,  the  letter  F  standing  for  Ferdi- 
nand and  Y  for  Ysabel.  The  first  named,  composed  of  four 
sections,  two  with  yellow  castles  upon  red  and  two  with  red 
lions  upon  white  ground,  was  the  flag  of  Spain  in  the  time  of 
Columbus  and  during  most  of  the  succeeding  }ears  of  dis- 
covery and  con(]uest.  Illustrations  of  these  flags  are  shown 
on  the  opposite  page. 

The  flag  of  I'.ngland  was  first  unfurletl  in  North  .America 
b\'  John  Cabot,  a  \  enetian,  who  landed,  probabK',  on  the 
coast  of  Newfoundland  in  14Q7,  with  letters  patent  from 
Henry  VII  of  Fngland,  "to  set  up  the  roval  banners  and 
ensigns  in  the  countries,  places  or  mainland  newly  found  bv 
him,"  and  "to  conquer,  occupy  and  possess  the  same."  Under 
date  of  London,  August  23,  1497,  Lorenzo  Lasqualigo  writes 
to   his   brothers   in  \'enice   that  "Cabot   planted   in   his   new- 

II 


found  land  a  large  cross,  with  a  flag  of  Lngland  and  another 
of  St  Mark,  bv  reason  of  his  being  a  \'enetian,  so  that  our 
banner  has  floated  very  far  aHeld."  1  he  Venetian  ensign  was 
of  scarlet  with  a  broad  band  of  blue  near  the  edge,  perhaps 
typifying  the  sea,  from  which  rose  in  gold  the  winged  lion  of 
St  Mark,  ha\ing  in  his  right  paw  a  cross.  1  he  flag  of  Kng- 
lantl  used  by  Cabot  and  by  other  l.nglish  navigators  who 
followed  him  was  probably  the  cross  of  St  Cicorge,  which  is  a 
w  bite  flag  with  a  rectangular  red  cross  extending  its  entire  length 
and  hight.  In  1603  under  James  I,  formerh  James  VI  of 
Scotland,  England  and  Scotland  were  united,  and  St  George's 
cross  was  later  joined  with  the  cross  of  St  Andrew  of  Scotland 
to  form  what  was  called  the  King's  Colors.  The  cross  of  St 
Andrew  is  a  blue  flag  with  a  diagonal  white  cross  extending 
from  corner  to  corner.  Ihe  combination  of  the  banners  of 
England  and  Scotland  formed,  therefore,  a  blue  flag  with  a 
rectangular  red  cross  and  a  diagonal  white  cross,  the  red 
showing  entirely  and  the  white  being  interrupted  by  it.  Eng- 
land and  Scotland  retained  their  individual  flags  for  many 
purposes,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  Mayflower  on  that  mem- 
orable journey  in  1620  bore  the  cross  of  St  George  at  her 
masthead,  for  she  was  an  English  ship. 

After  King  Charles  I  w'as  beheaded  in  1649,  the  partner- 
ship between  England  and  Scotland  was  dissolved,  and  the 
national  standard  of  England  became  again  St  George's  cross. 
In  1660,  when  Charles  II  ascended  the  throne,  the  King's 
Colors  again  came  into  use.  In  1707,  when  the  complete 
union  of  the  kingdom  of  Great  Britain,  including  England, 
Scotland  and  Wales  was  established.  Great  Britain  adopted 
for  herself  and  her  colonies  a  red  ensign  with  the  symbol  of 
the  union  of  Enjiland  and  Scotland  in  the  canton.  1  his 
"meteor  flag  of  England,"  as  it  was  sometimes  called,  con- 
tinued to  be  the  national  standard  until  1801,  when  the  cross 

of  St  Patrick,  a  red  diagonal 
salrire  on  a  white  ground,  was 
united  with  the  other  crosses 
to  mark  the  addition  ot  Ire- 
land to  the  I  nited  Kingdom. 
I  his  combination  has  formed 
rile   union    in   the   flag  of  the 

kingdom     of    (ireat     Britain 

Meteor  Flap  of  i-ngiand  .iiul     Ireland     dowu     to      the 


te6^^ 


St  (IroRor-'s  Cross  St  Andrfw's  Cross 

The  King's  Colors 

St  Patrick's  Cross 

The  British  Uxion  Jack 

'3 


present  tla\ .  1  lie  complete  dexelopment  ot  the  British  Hag 
is  shown  on  the  preceding  page,  the  crosses  of  St  George 
and  St  Andrew  at  the  top  with  their  conihination  in  the 
King's  Colors  ininiediately  beneath,  followed  by  the  cross 
of  St  Patrick  and  the  present  Union  jack  of  England.  We 
are  not  concerned  directl}'  with  the  present  British  flag,  iiow- 
ever,  because  our  American  flag  was  established  earlier. 

Mention  should  be  made  ot  the  flags  of  other  nations  that 
earl\'  came  to  our  shores.  jac()ues  Cartier  was,  perhaps,  the 
first  to  brinji  the  colors  ot  France  to  the  New  World.  I  nder 
royal  commission  he  landed  on  Ma\-  lo,  1534  at  Cape  Bona- 
\ista,  Newfoundland,  and  set  up  a  cross  at  (laspe  a  few  weeks 
later.  Upon  a  second  vo\age  a  \v:\v  later  he  set  up  a  cross 
and  the  arms  ot  France  near  the  site  of  the  present  cit\'  ot 
Quebec.  1  he  French  flag  was  probabK  blue  at  that  time  \\  ith 
three  golden  fleur-de-lis.  Later  the  Huguenot  part}'  m  France 
adopted  the  whiti'  flag.  ()\er  the  forts  and  trading  posts  and 
in  battle  in  the  vast  region  of  New  France,  stretching  south- 
west from  the  St  Lawrence  to  the  Mississippi,  it  is  probable 
that  the  Bourbon  flag  floated  durmg  the  greater  j:)ortion  ot  the 
French  occupanc}'. 

Henr\'  Hudson  brought  the  Half  Moon  into  New  ^  ork 
harbor  in  lOot;  fl\ing  the  flag  of  the  Dutch  I.ast  India  Com- 
pan\-,  which  was  that  of  the  Dutch  Republic  —  three  e(jual 
horizontal  stripes,  orange,  white  and  blue- — with  the  letters 
V.  O.  C.  A.  (Vereenigde  Oost-Indische  Compagnie,  Amsterdam) 
in  the  center  of  the  white  stripe.  In  162 1,  when  the  Dutch 
West  India  Company  came  into  control,  the  letters  Ci.  W  .  C. 
(Geoctroyeerde  West-Indische  Compagnie)  took  the  place  ot 
the  letters  V.  O.  C.  A.  With  the  change  of  the  orange  to  a 
red  stripe  between  1630  and  1630,  the  Dutch  flag  was  in  use 
until  \Nu^  when  the  Fnjrlish  flag  was  raised,  which  remained, 
save  for  the  temporary  Dutch  resumption,  1673-74,  until  the 
Stars  and  Stripes  was  acknowledged. 

In  1638  a  |xirt\-  of  Swedish  ami  Finnish  colcMiists  tounded 
a  settlement  on  the  bank  of  the  Delaware 
river,  called  New  Sweden,  under  the  Swed- 
ish national  flag,  a  yellow  cross  on  a  blue 
ground.  This  settlement  flourished  until 
I (15 5,  when  it  was  oxerpowered  by  the 
,  ,    ,^    ,        Dutch. 

ll.ig  ol   thf   Oulc'h  ,   ,,  ,  ■II'  ■     ■        1 

West  India  Coinpanv  i  he  Settlements  in   the  thirteen   original 

1  + 


N<\v   Enfl.ind  Colors, 

I  (.Ml 


colonies  were  largely  Knglish,  and  the  ceremonial  flags 
of  the  l'!ng!ish  colonies  very  natiiralU  took  the  fonii  of 
the  Knglish  national  standard  in  its  successive  periods.  1  hr 
cross  ot  St  Cieorge  was  in  use  in  the  Massachusetts  Ha\ 
Colony  as  earl}'  as  1634.  In  1643  the  colonies  of  Plymouth, 
Massachusetts  Bav,  Connecticut  and  New 
Haven  formed  an  alliance  under  the  name- 
of  the  United  Colonies  ot  New  l.nghind 
ami  in  i()S6  adoptetl  as  a  common  flag 
the  cross  ot  St  Cjeorge  with  a  gilt  crown 
emhlazoned  on  the  center  ot  the  cross  w  ith 
the  monogram  of  King  James  II  under- 
neath. As  early  as  1700,  however,  the 
colonies  began  to  depart  from  authorized 
I\nglish  standards  and  to  adopt  flags  show- 
ing a  degree  ot  independence  and  distinguishing  their  ships 
tVom  those  of  England  and  from  those  of  their  neighbors. 
The  pine  tree  flag  of  New  England  was  a  conspicuous  one 
and  came  into  use  as  early  as  1704.  In  one  torm  it  was  a 
red  flag  with  the  cross  ot  St  Cieorge  in  the  canton  with  a 
green  pine  tree  in  the  first  quarter.  It  is  thought  that  this 
flag  may  have  been  disphned  at  Bunker  Hill.  .Another  torm 
of  the  pine  tree  flag  was  that  having  a  white  tield  with  the 
motto  "An  Apjieal  to  Hea\en"  abo\e  the  pine   tree.      .A  very 

interesting  banner, 
now  in  the  possession 
of  the  Puiilic  library 
ot  Bedtord,  .Massa- 
chusetts, is  said  to  be 
the  oldest  .American 
flag  m  existence.  It 
was  earned  In  the 
minutemen  of  Bed- 
ford at  the  battle  of 
Concord.  1  he  ground 
i^  maroon,  emblazoned 
with  an  outstretched 
;irm,  the  color  of 
silver,  in  the  hand  of 
which    is    an    uplitted 

Courtesy  I'f  I  he  BuiT"  |«ny,  ruDiitn'-:  1         'I"l  *  1 

p      .      .  ,,  .*'  ,,   r.  sworil.     I  hree  circular 

From  Avery  »  lliitot)  ■:  ■  !r»  »n'l  lt«  Pr   ; 

..,      r  .u    H  jf    .  M     .  tigures,  also  in  silver, 

H.ig  ot   the   Bedford   Minutrmrn  o  '  ' 


•5 


are  said  to  represent  cannon  balls.      Upon  a  gold  scroll  are  the 
words  "\'ince  aut  Morire,"  iiicaning  "Conquer  or  Die." 

1  he  rattlesnake  emblem  was  another  favorite  symbol  in 
the  colonies.  It  rivaled  the  pine  tree  in  popularity  and  was 
shown  in  several  designs.  One  form,  that  adopted  by  South 
Carolina,  was  a  yellow  flag  with  a  rattlesnake  in  the  middle 
about  to  strike,  with  the  words  "Don't  Tread  on  Me"  under- 
neath. Connecticut  troops  bore  banners  of  solid  color,  a 
different  color  for  each  regiment,  having  on  one  side  the 
motto  "Qui  Franstulit  Sustinet"  and  on  the  other  "An  Appeal 
to  Heaven."  New  fork's  flag  was  a  white  field  with  a  black 
beaver  in  the  center.  Rhode  Island's  flao;  was  white  with  a 
blue  anchor  with  the  word  "Hope"  above  it,  and  a  blue  canton 
with  thirteen  white  stars.  Other  flags  bore  the  words  "Libert}- 
and  Union,"  and  "Liberty  or  Death."  The  earliest  flag  dis- 
played in  the  South  w'as  raised  at  Charleston,  South  Carolina, 
in  the  fall  of  1775.  It  was  a  blue  flag  with  a  white  crescent 
in  the  upper  corner.  Later,  the  word  "Liberty"  in  white 
letters  was  added  at  the  bottom  of  the  flag.  Some  of  these 
colonial  flags  are  reproduced  on  the  opposite  page. 

These  various  forerunners  of  our  national  flag  are  insep- 
arably associated  with  its  history,  and  yet  they  give  us  little 
or  no  clue  to  the  origin  of  the  Stars  and  Stripes.  Our  flag 
was  an  evolution.     The  design  of  stars  and  stripes  was  not 

original  with  us.  As  early  as  1704 
the  ships  of  the  English  Last  India 
Company  bore  flags  with  thirteen  red 
and  white  stripes  with  the  cross  of 
St  Cieorge  in  the  canton.  Still  a  cen- 
tury earlier,  the  national  flag  of  the 
Netherlands  consisted  of  three  e()ual 
horizontal  stripes.  It  is  fre(|uenrl\- 
suggested,  though  without  tangible 
e\idence,  that  the  stars  and  stripes 
in  Washington's  coat  of  arms  may 
ha\  e  determined  the  original  design  of 
our  flag.  The  celebrated  standard 
of  the  Philadelphia  Troop  of  Light 
Horse,  the  first  known  instance  of  the 
American  use  of  stripes,  was  made 
in  1775.  This  flag  is  shown  on  page 
Its    stripes     ma\'   have    in     turn 


Courtesy  nf  Tlir  Uhitohs  Rrolhere  Company, 

Hiililislicrs.  Clcvcl.ind.  Dili" 

From  Apery's  History  of  tin.-  L'liiteii  Ht.itt- 

aiiil  Its  People 

Wasliinpton's  Coat  of  .'Xrm- 


■)^- 


16 


AN  APPEALTO  HEAVEN 

A 


. .  -5<»r^ 


^1 


CoLCJNIAL     Fl.\(.S 


»7 


suggested  the  flag^\hit•ll  Washington  raised  at  Camhridge  on 
January  2,  I77^>-  1  his  was  the  Hrst  distinctive  American  flag 
indicating  a  union  of  the  colonies.  It  consisted  of  thirteen 
alternate  red  and  white  stripes  with  the  conihined  crosses  of 
St*George  and  St  Andrew  in  the  canton.  It  was  a  peculiar 
flag,  the  thirteen  stripes  standing  tor  the  union  of  the  col- 
onies and  their  rexolt  against  tlie  mother  countrx',  and  the 
suhjoined  crosses  representing  the  allegiance  to  her  which  was 
yet  partially  acknowledged.  It  was  variously  designated  as  the 
I'nion  Flag,  the  (irand  Union  Flag  and  the  (ireat  Union 
Flag,  and  is  now  frecjuentl}'  referred  to  as  the  Camhridge 
Flag.  A  drawing  of  this  flag  is  shown  at  the  top  of  the  oppo- 
site page.  It  marked  the  real  hegmnmg  of  our  national  exist- 
ence and  continued  to  he  the  flag  ot  the  Rexolution  until 
the  Continental  Congress  adopted  the  Stars  and  Stripes. 

We  shall  never  know  the  whole  story  of  the  origin  of  our 
national  flag.  The  oft-repeated  claim  that  in  June  1776 
Betsy  Ross  not  on]\'  planned  hut  made  the  hrst  flag  which 
was  adopted  a  year  later  hv  Congress,  is  pleasant  tradition,  if 
not  accurate  history.  The  story  runs  that  at  that  time  a  com- 
mittee of  Congress,  w^hether  oflicially  or  self  designated  does 
not  appear,  consisting  of  (ieorge  Washington,  Rohert  Morris 
and  Colonel  (jeorge  Ross,  the  latter  an  uncle  ot  John  Ross, 
the  hushand  of  Hetsy,  she  then  heing  a  \()ung  widow,  called 
upon  her  at  her  upholstery  shop  on  Arch  street,  Philadelphia, 
and  asked  if  she  could  make  a  flag.  She  said  she  could  try. 
Whereupon  they  produced  a  design  roughly  drawn  of  thirteen 
stripes  and  thirteen  stars,  the  latter  heing  six-pointed.  She 
advised  that  the  stars  should  he  five-pointed,  showing  that  a 
five-pointed  star  could  he  made  with  a  single  clip  of  the  scissors. 
They  agreed  that  this  would  he  hetter,  and  General  W'ashing- 
ton  changed  the  design  ujK)n  the  spot  and  the  committee  left. 
Shortly  afterward,  the  sketch  thus  made  was  copied  and 
colored  hy  a  local  artist  and  was  sent  to  her,  from  which  she 
made  the  sample  flag  that  was  approved  hy  the  committee. 
It  is  added  that  General  Washington  thought  that  the  stars 
should  he  placed  in  a  circle,  thus  signifying  the  equality  of 
the  states,  none  heing  the  superior  of  another.  1  he  account 
rests  almost  entirely  upon  Mrs  Ross's  own  statements  made 
to  memhers  of  her  famih'  and  repeated  hy  her  descendants,  a 
numher  of  whom  have  made  affidavits  to  the  family  under- 
standing of  her  communications.      The  story  has  heen  assailed 

18 


I 


^MJm 


I   II  I      V,    *MI\KI|iI.»      I   1^1. 

Thf   First  Stars  and  Stripes 


19 


chiefly  upon  the  grounds  that  it  is  unsupported  contempo- 
raneously, that  the  flag  was  not  immediately  adopted  and  had 
no  general  use  prior  to  June  14,  1777.  Nevertheless,  it  is  a 
pretty  and  fascinating  story  as  it  stands  and  has  immense 
vo2;ue.  1  he  Betsy  Ross  house,  239  Arch  street,  has  been 
purchased  and  is  cared  for  by  the  American  Flag  House  and 
Betsy  Ross  Memorial  Association,  as  the  memorial  to  the 
reputed  maker  of  the  flag. 

The  authentic  history  of  our  flag  begins  on  June  14,  1777, 
when  in  pursuance  of  the  report  of  a  committee,  the  names  of 
the  members  of  which  are  unrecorded,  but  which  John  Adams 
has  the  credit  of  proposing,  the  American  Congress  adopted 
the  following  resolution : 

Resolved,  That  the  flag  of  the  thirteen  United  States  be  thirteen  stripes, 
alternate  red  and  white;  that  the  union  he  thirteen  stars,  white  on  a  bkie  held, 
representing  a  new  constellation. 

Whatever  may  have  been  the  actual  origin  of  this  flag,  the 
sentiment  which  it  has  conveyed  for  133  years  was  appro- 
priately expressed  by  Washington  in  these  words:  "We  take 
the  star  from  Heaven,  the  red  from  our  mother  country, 
separating  it  by  white  stripes,  thus  showing  that  we  have 
separated  from  her,  and  the  white  stripes  shall  go  down  to 
posterity  representing  liberty." 

There  was  considerable  delay  in  the  public  announcement 
of  the  adoption  of  the  flag,  and  the  design  was  not  officially 
promulgated  by  Congress  until  September  3,  1777.  This  first 
flag  showed  the  arrangement  of  the  stars  in  a  circle  (see  bot- 
tom of  page  19),  but  the  arrangement  was  afterward  changed 
to  three  horizontal  lines  of  four,  five  and  four  stars.  There 
are  other  claimants  for  the  honor  of  first  displaA"ing  the  flag, 
but  the  evidence  is  quite  conclusi\e  that  the  event  occurred  in 
New  York.  The  occasion  was  at  Fort  Stanwix,  built  in  1758 
and  renamed  Port  Schuyler  in  1777,  the  site  of  the  present  city 
of  Rome,  New  ^  ork.  In  anticipation  of  the  descent  of  the 
British  forces  from  the  north,  a  garrison  of  some  500  or  600 
men  had  been  placed  in  Fort  Stanwix,  under  command  of 
Colonel  Peter  Cjansevoort,  Jr,  with  l.icurenant-colonel  Marinas 
^^  illett  second  in  command.  ( )n  rlu-  c\cnnig  of  the  2d  of  August 
the  garrison  was  reinforced  b\'  about  200  men  of  the  Nuith 
Massachusetts  Regiment,  led  by  Lieutenant-colonel  Mellon, 
bringing  the  news  of  the  recently  enacted  flag  statute,  and  the 
making  of  the  flag  was  determined  upon.      It  was  an  iiiipro\ised 


affair  and  the  fort  was  ransacked  for  material  of  wliicli  it  iiii<rht 
be  fashioned.  It  was  made,  accorchn*:  to  the  most  trustuorthx 
accouni,  from  a  soltlier's  \\  hite  shirt,  a  woman's  red  petticoat  and 
a  j^iece  of  bkie  cloth  from  tin-  cloak  ot  Captain  Abraham  Swart- 
wout,  and  raised  on  August  ^,  1777  on  the  northeast  bastion,  the 
one  nearest  the  camj")  of  St  Leger  who  had  imested  the  fort. 
1  he  drummer  beat  the  assembly  and  the  adjutant  read  the 
Congressional  resolution  ordaining  the  flag  of  the  Rtpublic,  and 
up  it  went;    there  it  swung,  free  and  defiant,  until  the  end  of 


LfiV^-/ 


^ 


/ad. 


7 


..^.,.  ^.^ /t^_.^ 


9     _  ^ 

.Abraham  .SwartwouiN  Ix-ttcr  to  Prtrr  (lanscvoort 


21 


the  siege  on  tlic  lid  of  August.  This  account  is  confirmed  by 
Captain  Swartwout's  letter  asking  for  cloth  to  replace  that 
which  was  taken  to  make  the  flag.  This  letter  is  in  the  pos- 
session of  Mrs  Catherine  Gansevoort  Lansing  of  Albany,  New 
"\'<)rk,  a  granddaughter  of  Colonel  Gansevoort,  and  is  repro- 
duced through  her  courtesy  on  the  preceding  page. 

The  claim  has  been  made  that  the  Stars  and  Stripes  was  first 
raised  in  battle  at  Cooch's  Bridge,  near  Wilmington,  Delaware, 
on  the  jd  of  September  1777.  Ihe  claim  is  based  upon  the 
mere  presumption  that  the  American  forces  had  a  flag  at  Cooch's 
Bridge,  and  local  Delaware  historians  assert  that  the  Fort 
Stanwix  flag  was  improvised  and  that  the  engagement  was 
simply  a  skirmish  or  sally.  Ihe  flag  was  made  in  a  hurry,  but 
it  was  regular  and  complete,  and  the  three  weeks'  siege  at  Fort 
Stanwix  w-as  b)' no  means  a  mere  skirmish.  Ihe  honor  clearly 
belontrs  to  New  York. 

The  flag  with  thirteen  stars  and  thirteen  stripes  remained 
the  national  emblem  until  May  i,  1795.  \  ermont  had  entered 
the  Union  March  4,  1791,  and  Kentucky,  June  i,  1792,  and 
a  chauire  was  thus  necessitated  in  the  flajr.  Not  foreseeing  the 
growth  of  the  flag  in  the  addition  of  both  a  star  and  a  stripe 
for  each  new  state.  Congress  passed  the  following  act  which 
was  approved  by  President  Washington  on   January  13,  1794: 

Br  it  enacted,  etc..  That  from  and  after  the  first  day  of  May,  one  thousand 
seven  hundred  and  ninety-five,  the  flag  of  the  United  States  be  fifteen  stripes, 
alternate  red  and  white;  and  that  the  union  be  fifteen  stars,  white  in  a  blue  fichl. 

In  this  flag  the  stars  were  arranged  in  three  parallel  rows 
(){  five  each,  as  shown  at  the  top  of  the  opposite  page,  with  the 
blue  field  resting  on  the  fifth  red  stripe.  This  \\as  the  national 
flag  tor  twenty-three  years.  It  was  in  use  during  the  War  of 
18 12,  and  in  September  18 14,  waving  over  Fort  McHenry,  it 
inspired  Francis  Scott  Kca'  to  write  the  Star  Spangled  Banner. 
\\  irh  the  admission  ot  new  states  it  was  ^er\■  soon  seen,  how- 
ever, that  the  flag  ot  fitteen  stars  and  fitteen  stripes,  would  not 
truh'  rej->resent  the  Union,  and  that  it  would  not  be  practicable 
to  continue  adding  a  stripe  for  each  new  state.  Ideven  months 
atter  the  flag  of  1795  was  adojHed,  on  June  i,  1796,  Tennessee 
was  admitted  into  the  llnion ;  and  Ohio  was  admitted  on  Feb- 
ruary 19,  1803,  Louisiana  on  Aj^il  p,  1S12,  Indiana  on 
December  11,  1816,  and  Mississippi  on  December  10,  1817. 
On  December  9,  i8if)  Hon.  Peter  H.  Wendo\cr,  a  member  of 
Congress  from  New  ^'ork   cit\-,   ottered   a    resolution   "that   a 


22 


Thj    FiAii  or  FiFTtEN  Stars  and   Fif-ri.KN  Stripfs 
The  Flag  or  Twenty  Stars  and  Thirteen  Stripes 


23 


coiiiniittec  Ik-  appoiiitctl  ro  iiKjuire  inro  rlic-  expediency  of  alter- 
iiiir  the  flaiiof  tiie  Inittd  States."  As  a  result  of  this  resolution 
an  act  was  passed  by  Congress  and  on  April  4,  18 iS  approNed 
by  President  Monroe,  which  fixed  finalh-  the  general  form  of 
our  flag.      1  he  act  is  as  follows: 

An  Act  to  Establish  the  1"  lag  of  the  United  States. 

Sec.  I.  Be  it  cnactcJ,  etc.,  That  from  and  after  the  fourth  day  of  lulv 
next,  the  flag  of  the  United  States  be  thirteen  horizontal  stripes,  alternate  red 
and  white;   that  the  union  have  twenty  stars,  white  in  a  blue  field. 

Six.  2.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  on  the  admission  of  every  new  state 
into  the  Union,  one  star  be  added  to  the  union  ot  the  flag;  and  that  such  addition 
shall  take  effect  on  the  tourth  of   Jul\'  next  succeeding  such  admission. 

1  here  was  considerable  debate  in  the  House  upon  the  bill, 
and  to  Mr  Wendover  belongs  the  credit  of  pressing  it  to  final 
passage.  The  suggestion  for  the  form  of  the  flag,  howexer, 
namely,  that  the  original  thirteen  strijies  should  be  restored 
and  that  a  star  should  be  added  lor  each  new  state,  came 
from  Captain  Samuel  C.  Reid  of  the  United  States  navy.  Leg- 
islation has  ne\er  provided  the  exact  arrangement  the  stars 
should  take  in  the  canton  ot  the  flag.  Following  the  last 
mentioned  enactment  of  Congress,  the  first  flag  with  thirteen 
stripes  and  twenty  stars  was  hoisted  on  the  flagstafl'  of  the 
House  of  Representatives  on  April  13,  1S18.  Upon  the  sug- 
gestion of  Captain  Reid  the  stars  were  arranged  to  form  one 
great  star  in  the  center  of  the  union,  as  shown  at  the  bottom  of 
the  preceding  page.  This  design  did  not  gain  faNor  and  the 
stars  were  soon  thereafter  arranged  in  rows.  1  here  was  much 
confusion  for  many  years  and  a  great  many  diflerent  arrange- 
ments of  the  stars  were  displayed.  Since  the  flag  with  twenty 
stars  was  established,  a  new  star  has  been  added  on  the  fourth 
of  July  following  the  admission  into  the  Union  of  each  of  the 
following  states : 

Illinois,  December  3,  18 18.  Kansas,  January  2Q,  1861. 

.Alabama,  December  14,  1819.  West  Virginia,   June  iq,  1863. 

Maine,  March  15,  1820.  Nevada.  October  },\,  1S64. 

Missouri,  August  10,  1821.  Nebraska,  March  I,  1S67. 

Arkansas,   June  15,  1836.  Colorado.  August  l.  1876. 

Michigan,  January  26,  1837.  North  Dakota,  No\embcr  2,  1889. 

1-lorida,  March  3,  1845.  South  Dakota,  November  2,  1889. 

Texas,  December  29,  1845.  Montana,  November  8,  1889. 

Iowa,  December  28,  1846.  Washington,  Novemlur  11,  iSSq. 

Wisconsin,  May  29,  1848.  Idaho,  July  3.  1890. 

California,  September  9,  1850.  Wyoming,  July  11,  1890.  L,^ 

Minnesota,  May  ll,  1858.  Utah.  January  4.  1896. 

Oregon,  I'cbruary  14,  1859.  Oklahoma,  November  16,   1907. 

24 


1  he  earh'  confusion  about  the  arrangtiiu-nt  of  the  stars 
lias  largeh'  disapptaixil.  In  the  absence  of  cbrect  legislation, 
an  agreement  has  been  arri\ecl  at  betwetii  tlu-  W  ar  and  Navy 
Departments  on  tlie  sub)ect.  Since  |ul\  4,  190S,  following 
the  admission  of  Oklahoma  m  HjOj,  the-  arrangement  of  the 
stars  in  the  flairs  of  the  arm\  and  eiisiirns  of  the  na\"\'  has 
been  in  six  horizontal  rows,  the  first,  third,  fourth  and  sixth 
rows  havinji:  eight  stars,  and  the  second  and  fifth  rows  ha\  inn 
seven.  The  present  grouping  of  the  stars  is  shown  in  the  flag 
on  the  frontispiece. 

Harlan    1  1()\  1    i  Iorm-r 


"IN   C;()I)   WK    IRLST" 

1  rom  aiK-iiiu  I.inils  across  the  sea 
Here  canu-  our  fatlurs  to  he  free; 
Tliey  felled  the  forest,  plowed  tlie  field 
.•\ntl  won  the  wealth  the  waters  yield; 
In  mine  and  shop  they  delved  and  wrouuht. 
And  bravely  for  their  freedom  fought; 
1  hey  feared  the  Lord,  naught  else  they  feared, 
.•\s  they  a  mighty  nation  reared. 

I' rom  C'an.ula  to  Mexico 

One  land,  one  law,  one  flag  we  know; 

.\nd  far  beyond  the  western  seas 

Old  (ilory  floats  in  pledge  of  peace; 

While  North  and  South  and  Kast  ami  West, 

.Above  our  best  deserving  blest. 

in  gratitude,  as  still  we  must. 

We  raise  the  hymn.  In  (Jod  We  Trust. 

JoSI  I'H    H.  ( In  »FR 
Copyright,  igoq,  />y  tkt  author 


If^ 


M 


I    I '  i 


II 


k^' 


m;\v  ^ork  AM)  nil',  mac; 

HKilllA  as  tlu-  citi/ciis  ot  Ww  ^  oik  \aluc'  lu-r  posi- 
tion, possessions,  histor\'  and  taiiu-,  tlu\'  acknou  kcl^e 
superior  allcgiaiux-  to  tlu-  liiioii  and  its  Hag;  hut 
tlu\'  take  pride,  justl\',  in  tin-  e\ents  ot  national  importance 
that  liave  occurred  on  her  soil,  in  her  sons  who  have  distin- 
iiuished  themsehes  in  national  affairs,  and  in  the  faithful  and 
consistent  service  she  has  rendered  the  Repuhlic. 

New  ^  ork  adopted  a  constitution  April  20,  and  Cjeorge 
Clinton  hecanie  the  hrst  governor  of  the  State,  July  9,  1777. 
At  Fort  Stanwix,  August  ^,  the  Stars  and  Stripes  was  Hrst 
raised  in  the  face  ot  the  enemy;  three  days  afterward  the 
hloody  hattle  of  Oriskany  was  fought;  and,  on  October  17, 
iUirgoyne  surrendered  to  the  flag  at  Saratoga  at  the  culmina- 
tion of  the  hattle  which  was  the  decisive  conflict  of  the  Revo- 
lution. 1  he  Legislature  of  New  ^'ork  accepted,  February  6, 
1778,  the  Articles  ot  Confederation  adopted  by  Congress. 
"  Mad"  Anthon\'  Wavne  acconijilished  one  of  the  most  brilliant 
e.xploits  of  the  war  at  Stony  Point,  July  i(\  ^JJ*^),  and,  later  in 
the  same  year,  General  John  Sullivan  swept  with  the  flag 
through  the  c(nintr\'  of  the  Irocjuois,  burning  their  Milages, 
sla\  ing  their  warriors,  and  eflectualh'  ending  their  alliance  with 
the  British  crown.  It  was  on  the  Hudson  in  September  1780 
that,  through  the  treason  of -Arnold,  the  flag  would  have  trailed 
in  the  dust  and  American  freedom,  jierhajis,  ha\e  been  lost, 
save  for  the  New  ^'ork  men  who  were  the  captors  of  .\ndre. 
In  October  17S1  Colonel  Mannus  \\  illett  gained  a  \  ictory  over 
the  tories  and  red  nun  at  Johnstown.  W  hen  the  enemy  was 
broken  and  paral\/ed  in  New  ^  ork  the  operations  of  the  war 
were  mainlv  confined  to  the  South ;  but  it  was  reserved  for  New 
\  ork,  on  the  25th  ot  No\ember  178^  ^^  witness  the  evacuation 
of  the  land  by  British  troops  and  the  Stars  and  Stripes  run  up 
in  the  citv  as  the  ro\al  ensign  was  hauled  down.  The  federal 
Constitution  was  ratified  at  i'oughkeepsie,  July  2O,  i  7S<S ;  New 
^  ork  became  in  17S4  the  .seat  of  the  federal  government  and  .so 
remained  until  171)0;  and  in  the  citv  on  the  ^Oth  of  April  1789, 
Cieorge  Washington  from  the  balcon\-  of  Federal  Hall  took  the 
oath  of  office  under  the  flag  as  President  of  the  United  States. 


Ill  till-  War  of  1812,  owing  largely  to  her  Canadian  hound- 
ar\,  New  ^ Ork  conspicuously  encountered  the  hazards  and 
helped  in  the  triumphs  of  the  flag.  Her  northern  border  was 
fighting  ground,  on  which  her  mihtia  bore  the  brunt  of  battle. 
Sacketts  Harbor,  Lund\'s  Lane  and  Plattsburg  testitied  to  the 
valor  of  her  yeomen  and  her  troops;  McDonough's  destruction 
of  the  British  fleet  made  the  waters  of  Champlain  forever 
glorious.  Large  amounts  were  raised  for  coast  defense  and 
the  fitting  out  of  privateers  which  swarnutl  the  Atlantic;  and 
the  state  endorsed  United  States  treasin\'  notes,  e.xjiended  in 
recruiting  antl  manufacturmg  arms. 

In  the  Ci\il  War,  New  ^'ork,  then  tar  in  advance  of  an\' 
other  commonwealth  in  men  and  means,  was  thus  enabled 
also  to  be  the  most  prominent  and  effective  in  the  preserva- 
tion of  the  Union  and  the  supremacA"  of  the  Stars  and  Stripes. 
She  sent  into  the  field  448,850  men  for  periods  ranging  from 
three  months  to  three  }ears  and  was  credited  with  18,197  who 
paid  commutation,  or  a  total  of  467,047,  o\er  one-sixth  of  the 
Union  arm\.  Man\-  of  her  volunteer  ofHcers  attained  dis- 
tmction  and  her  rejrmients  were  amouii  the  best  in  the  service. 
She  expended  in  bounties  $86,629,228 — an  unparalleled  munifi- 
cence— as  proof  of  her  patriotism. 

The  leadmtr  place  of  New  \ Ork  in  the  national  iiovernment 
is  well  show^n  in  the  names  of  her  sons  who  have  had  distin- 
guished service  therein.  New  York  has  given  to  the  I'nion 
some  of  its  most  illustrious  servants;  and,  especially  should  be 
named  Alexander  Hamilton,  the  greatest  American  construc- 
tive statesman;  Philip  Schuyler,  among  the  greatest  of  Ameri- 
can soldiers;  |ohn  |a}',  jurist  and  statesman;  and  William  H. 
Seward,  foremost  among  diplomatists.  She  has  had  as  presi- 
dents, Martin  Van  Buren,  Millard  Fillmore,  Chester  A.  .Arthur, 
drover  Cleveland  and  Iheodore  Roose\elt.  The  following 
have  been  vice-presidents:  Aaron  Burr,  (ileorge  Clinton, 
Daniel  D.  Tompkins,  .Martin  Van  Buren,  Millard  Fillmore, 
William  .\.  Wheeler,  Chester  A.  Arthur,  Levi  P.  Morton, 
i  heodore  Roosevelt  and  James  S.  Sherman.  She  has  been 
represented  in  the  Cabinet  by  NLirtin  Van  Buren,  W^illiam  L. 
.\Lircy,  William  IL  Seward,  Hamilton  Fish,  William  l\L  Kvarts, 
Llihu  Root  and  Robert  Bacon  as  secretaries  of  state;  by 
Alexander  FLmiilton,  John  C.  Spencer,  John  .'\.  Dix,  Charles 
j.  Folger,  Daniel  Manning,  Charles  S.  Fairchild  and  Cieorge 
B.  Cortelyou  as  secretaries  of  the  treasury;   bv  John  Armstrong, 

28 


John  Jay 

Philip  Schuyler 

J 

^ 

Li 

-w: 

7 

f 

Alciandor  Hamilton 


William  H.  Seward 


Peter  ]J.  Porter,  Pcnjaniin  1' .  l^utler,  John  C  Spencer,  William 
L.  Marcy,  |ohn  M.  SchoHekl,  Daniel  S.  Pamont  and  Elihu 
Root  as  secretaries  of  war;  by  Smith  Thompson,  James  K. 
Paulding,  William  C.  Whitney  and  Penjamin  F.  Pracy  as 
secretaries  of  the  navy;  by  Benjamin  P.  Hurler,  William  M. 
Evarts,  Edwards  Pierrepont  and  George  \\  .  W  ickersham  as 
attorneys-general;  by  Francis  Granger,  Nathan  K.  Hall, 
Ihomas  P.  James,  Wilson  S.  Bissell  and  George  B.  Cortelyou 
as  postmasters-general;  by  Cornelius  N.  Bliss  as  secretary  of 
the  interior;  and  by  George  I^.  Cortelyou  as  secretary  of  com- 
merce and  labor. 

John  jay  (chief-justice),  Brockholst  Pivingston,  Smith 
1  homjison,  Samuel  Nelson,  Ward  Hunt,  Samuel  Blatchford 
and  Rufus  W.  Peckham  have  been  among  the  justices  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  Ignited  States.  Pi  important  diplomatic 
positions  have  been  John  ]\P  Francis,  P  rederick  D.  Grant  and 
Charles  S.  Francis  as  ministers  to  Austria;  Gouverneur  Morris, 
Robert  R.  Pi%ingston,  John  Armstrong,  John  Bigelow,  John 
A.  Dix,  Pevi  P.  Morton,  Whitelaw  Reid,  Horace  Porter  and 
Robert  Bacon  as  ministers  or  ambassadors  to  France;  Daniel 
D.  Barnard,  George  Bancroft,  j.  C.  B.  Da\is,  Andrew  D. 
White  and  David  |.  Hill  as  ministers  or  ambassadors  to  Ger- 
many; John  Jay,  Rutus  King,  George  Bancroft,  Edwards 
Pierrepont,  Joseph  H.  Choate  and  W  hitelaw  Reid  as  ministers  or 
ambassadors  to  Cireat  Britain;  Churchill  C.  Cambreling,  Allen 
1  .  Rice  and  Andrew  D.White  as  ministers  to  Russia  ;  and  Wash- 
ington Irving,  Daniel  I..  Sickles,  Perr\'  Belmont  and  Stewart  P. 
Woodford  as  ministers  to  Spain.  1  hroughout.  New  York 
has  been  most  abh'  represented  in  both  houses  of  Congress. 

In  17S9,  when  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  was 
adopted.  New  York  was  the  Hfth  state  in  population  and 
resources,  being  out-classed  b^'  Virginia,  Pennsylvania,  North 
Carolina  and  Massachusetts.  1  hence  she  forged  rai^idh'  to 
the  front,  attaining  in  i.SiO  hrst  rank  in  population,  wtalrh, 
manufactures,  commerce  and  education.  She  was  righttulK' 
styled  the  Empire  State,  and  has  since  so  remained,  advancing 
by  great  leaps  and  bounds.  A  few  statistics  will  show  her 
primacy.  Her  population  in  IQ05  was  cS,o67,3o8.  Her  popu- 
lation in  her  large  cities.  New  ^'ork,  Buffalo,  Rochester,  Syra- 
cuse and  Albany,  is  now  nearh'  0, 000,000.  New  ^  ork  is  the 
second  cit^•  in  population  in  the  world  and  will  soon  be  the 
first  in  that  regard,  Pondon  exceeding  lur  b\'  onl\-  522,2-57,  and 

30 


Paris,  the  tliird,  lia\  ing  on tr  2,000,000  less  iuiiiiIht  ot  inhabit- 
ants. 1  he  world's  financial  center  is  also  moving  from  Lon- 
don to  New  York.  1  he  imports  at  the  port  of  New  York 
were  in  1909  valued  at  S77(.),joS,g44  and  the  exports  at  $607,- 
239,481.  New  ^'ork  entered  12,528,723  and  exported  11,- 
866,415  tons  of  goods,  exceeding  London  In'  millions  in  both 
respects.  1  he  state  paid  528,637,349.37  of  internal  re\eniie 
taxes  to  the  general  government,  heing  over  one-eighth  of  the 
whole  amount  received.  The  total  amount  expended  in  the 
state  for  education  (1908-9)  was  $76,696,217.48.  Of  this 
amount  $5,863,281.36  was  paid  by  the  state,  $50,496,070.52 
was  raised  by  tax  or  otherwise  locall}',  and  520,^^6,865.60  was 
contributed  by  individuals  or  institutions.  1  he  amount  of 
deposits  in  the  savings  banks  of  the  state  was  (1909)  $1,405,- 
799,  067.62,  with  an  average  of  $509.28  for  each  depositor,  the 
amount  nearest  to  this  being  that  of  Massachusetts — $728,- 
224,417.52.  The  total  assessed  valuation  of  real  and  personal 
property  in  the  state,  estimated  at  86^  per  cent  of  its  real 
value,  was  $9,666,118,689.  These  figures  are  bewildering,  but 
they  are  the  most  practical  expression  of  the  supremacy  of  New 
^  ork  in  the  L^nion,  and  the  immense  stake  she  has  in  its  integ- 
rity and  welfare  and  of  her  ability  to  protect  and  exalt  the  flag. 
She  will  be  true  to  it  in  the  coming  years,  as  she  has  been  from 
the  hour  when  it  was  raised  at  Forr  "-"r  -n-  r 


Courtciy  of  Tlic  Hiirroo*  Brothrra  CotniMiiy, 
HuUlnlico.  llcvcland.  Ohio 


From  Avery ■»  IliMorv  of  ilie  L'nlte<1 
Slates  and  il-i  JVopie 


Colonel  Peter  Gansevoort's  Third  New  YorU   ReRimtnt   Map 
(Made   in   1778  or   1779  and  carried  at  the  siege  of  Yorktown) 


3' 


(Obverse) 


(Reverse) 
The  Seal  of  the  United  States 


32 


THK   DOMIMOX    OF    1111     MAC 

Till',  Stars  and  Stri|HS  has  al\va\s  iurn  a  coikiiri- 
ing  enihlcni.  It  waves  t()cla\'  owv  a  majiiiihctiu 
domain,  3,686,780  s(|uarf  niiks,  iiuludinLj  insular 
dependencies,  and  floats  to  the  winds  ot  e\er\'  /one  north 
ot  the  tropic  of  Cajiricorn.  The  tollowinti;  tabic-  shows  tin- 
\  arioLis  diMsions  ot   this  domain : 

Namk  Aria,  SytARK  Mii.hs 

Continental  Inited  States,  .      2,970,2^0  (land  surface  only) 

Alaska, 590,884  (land  and  water) 

Hawaii, 6,44g       ' 

Philippine  Islands,    ....  115,026       ' 

Porto  Rico, .^»4.>5       "       "         " 

Guam, 201       ' 

Tutuila  (Samoa), 81       "       "         " 

Panama  Canal  Zone  1904,  .  474       "       "         " 

It  is  a  domain  touching  approximateh'  the  i8th  degree 
south  and  the  Jid  north  latitude,  and  the  6jth  degree  west 
and  the  liid  east  longitude,  embracing  e\er\'  variety  of  soil, 
scenery  and  production,  with  lottx'  mountain  ranges,  indented 
sea-coasts,  long  and  serviceable  ri\ers,  and  multituilinous 
mineral  deposits. 

1  his  domain  has  been  ac(]uired  In  tin-  release  of  tin- 
colonies  from  the  \()ke  ot  (ireat  Britain,  with  the  conse(|uc-nt 
cessions  from  the  mother  c()uiitr\'  and  trom  the  states;  b\' 
war;  by  purchase;  and  In  Nohmtarv  annexation.  When  the 
United  States  became  a  nation,  it  included  the  original  thirteen 
states,  with  the  additional  area  surrendered  b\'  (Ireat  Britain, 
the  whole  being  boundi-d  on  the  west  b\'  the  .Mississijipi  ii\er, 
on  the  south  In'  the  ]isx  paralKl  ot  latitudi'  tin-  no:  th  line  ot 
Florida — on  the  east  b\'  the  .Atlantic  ocean,  and  on  the  north 
bv  the  liritish  dominions.  Within  this  area  was  the  tract 
known  as  the  Noithwist  lerritoi"\,  in  whuh  se\eral  states — 
.\ew  ^  ork,  l'enns\  1\  ania,  .Massachusitts,  Connecticut  and 
\  irginia — held  claims  and  which.  In  the  nu-morable  ordinance 
ot  178",  was  tore\er  dedicatid  to  treeilom.  I  he  states  soon 
reluKjuishetl  tluir  rights  then  in  to  the  gineral  go\ernment  and 
trom  It  ha\e  been  carved  ()hio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  .Michigan, 
Wisconsin,   the  eastern   part   la    small    section)    ot    Minnesota, 

ii 


and  the  northwest  corner  of  Pcnns)l\  ania.  In  the  territory 
south  of  the  Ohio  ri\er,  Kentucky  was  taken  from  \  irj^inia. 
To  the  remainder  thereof,  North  Carolina,  South  CaroHna 
and  (jeorgia  preferred  claims,  but  also  adjusted  them  with 
the  general  government  and  therein  Tennessee,  Alabama  and 
Mississippi  were  erected.  In  180^5  Louisiana,  now  compris- 
ing Louisiana,  Arkansas,  Oklahoma,  Missouri,  Kansas  (except 
as  derived  from  Texas),  Nebraska,  Iowa,  Minnesota  (west  of 
the  Mississippi),  North  Dakota,  South  Dakota,  Montana,  a 
portion  of  Colorado  and  nearly  all  of  Wyoming — nearly  1,000,- 
000  square  miles — was  purchased  from  Prance.  In  iSic) 
Florida  was  bought  from  Spain  for  $5,000,000  which  included 
full  extinction  of  the  claims  against  her  of  certain  American 
citizens.  Texas,  an  independent  state,  was  annexed  in  1845, 
a  portion  of  her  area  being  subse(|uentlv  sold  to  the  L^nited 
States  and  now  included  in  Kansas,  Colorado  and  New  ^Mexico. 
By  the  cession  from  Mexico  in  1848,  as  a  result  of  the  w^ar  with 
that  country,  a  vast  region,  since  famous  for  and  enormously 
profitable  in  its  yield  of  mineral  treasures  and  now  resolved 
into  California,  Nevada,  Utah,  a  large  portion  of  Colorado, 
the  lower  part  of  Arizona,  and  a  considerable  part  of  New 
Mexico,  was  obtained.  In  1853  the  Gadsden  purchase  of  the 
low^er  portions  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  w^as  made  from 
Alexico.  In  1846  Oregon,  including  the  present  states  of 
Oregon,  Washington  and  Idaho,  whose  northern  boundary, 
long  in  dispute  with  Great  Britain  but  then  adjusted,  became 
incontestably  an  American  possession.  "Fhere  were  thirteen 
original  states;  thirty-three  have  since  been  admitted  and  the 
two  territories.  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  soon  will  be. 

Seven  times  has  the  Stars  and  Stripes  flown  triumphant  in 
war — six  times  against  a  foreitrn  and  once  ajiainst  a  domestic  foe. 
Kach  conflict  has  upheld  the  national  honor  and  twice  it  has 
enlarged  the  national  domain.  In  chronological  order  (omit- 
ting  conflicts  with  Indian  trdies)  wars  ha\e  occurred  as  follows: 
I.      With  Cireat  Britain — 1775-83 — b\    winch  mdcjiendence 

was  \\"on  and  the  Rejiublic  assuretl. 
II.  With  France — 1798-1800 — bA'Nshich  French  insults  and 
outrages  were  avengetl.  \\ar  was  not  formally 
declared,  but  conflicts  occurred  on  the  ocean. 
111.  With  Tripoli — 1801-5  —  by  which  the  capture  of 
American  ships,  the  sale  of  their  crews  as  slaxes  and 
pa\iiunts  for  their  release,  were  arnpK    jiunished. 


OF    THE 


1\  .  W  ith  (  Iicar  Britain  1S12-15—  lucausc  of  British  claims 
to  search  American  ships  antl  imjjress  seamen  there- 
from. 1  he  war  hisfed  three  }ears,  and,  although 
In'  it  tlu-  I  mteil  States  ac(juirecl  no  territory  and 
American  grievances  were  not  in  terms  settled  by 
the  treaty,  there  was  no  further  ilisposition  In'  (ireat 
Britain  to  attront  the  American  Hag. 
\'.  W'irli  Mexico — 1846-4S — hy  which  in  return  for 
;>  1 5,000,000  and  the  assumption  hv  the  I'nited 
States  of  the  claims  of  American  citizens  against 
Me.xico,  that  countr\-  cedeil  to  it  the  territory 
alread}'  descrihed. 

\'I.  With  the  Confederate  States — 1861-^)5.  The  differences 
between  the  Northern  and  Southern  states  were 
settled  and  the  Stars  anil  Stripes  waved  again  over 
a  united  people. 


\11 


With     S 
tiom 
made 
Porto 


Colors  of  Ninth  U.  S.  Infaniry 
(In  camp  at  Tampa,  Fla.  during  Spani<.h  W.ir) 

pain — iSq8  —  bv  which  Spain  was  expelled 
the  western  world  and  large  accessions  were 
to  .American  tirriror\  the  Philippine  Islands. 
Rico,  etc. 


.'>'> 


By  means  other  than  war  the  United  States  acquired 
Louisiana  from  France  in  1S03,  Florida  from  Spain  in  1S19, 
and  Alaska  from  Russia  in  1S67,  by  purchase;  Hawaii  by  its 
own  application  in  189S;  'Futuila,  a  Samoan  island,  by  arrange- 
ment with  (ireat  Britain  and  Germany  in  iHgg;  and  some 
small  outlying  Philippine  islands  in  1901.  Sufficient  has  been 
said  concerning  Louisiana  and  Florida.  In  1867  Alaska 
with  its  outlying  islands  was  purchased  from  Russia  for  $7,200, - 
000,  mainly  through  the  efforts  of  William  H.  Seward,  secre- 
tary of  state.  His  estimate  of  the  value,  politically  and  com- 
mercially, of  a  region  commonh'  assumed  to  consist  onh'  of 
treacherous  bogs,  glacial  wastes  and  frozen  streams,  was 
regarded  as  a  wild  and  fantastic  dream.  But  Secretary  Seward 
was  enthusiastic  in  its  behalf,  pressed  the  measure  and  esteemed 
its  adoption  the  crowning  laurel  of  his  long  and  distinguished 
public  career.  It  may  fairly  be  said  that  his  expectations  have 
been  far  more  than  realized  and  that  the  buying  of  Alaska  has 
turned  out  to  be  one  of  the  best  bargains  that  one  countr\' 
ever  made  with  another.  Sweeping  north  far  within  the  Arctic 
circle,  its  area  is  equal  to  that  of  one-fifth  of  all  the  states  and 
organized  territories  of  the  Union,  and,  although  there  are 
extensive  tracts  uninhabitable,  desolate  and  sterile,  and  dark- 
ness settles  as  a  pall  upon  a  portion  of  it  through  half  the  year, 
it  is  very  rich  in  forests,  fisheries,  fur-bearing  animals,  and  in 
precious  metals  is  a  real  F^l  Dorado.  For  the  past  decade,  a 
copious  stream  of  gold  has  issued  from  Alaska,  the  production 
for  1908  alone  being  $19,858,800.  Fven  the  climate  of  much 
of  the  country,  modified  as  it  is  by  the  tepid  current  of  the  Kuro- 
Siwo  (the  Japanese  Gulf  Stream)  is  an  agreeable  one.  1  he 
isothermal  line  of  Sitka — 57  degrees  north  latitude — corre- 
sponds with  that  of  Philadelphia — 40  degrees. 

Negotiations  for  the  annexation  of  Hawaii  (the  Sandwich 
islands),  intimate  relations  with  which  had  been  established  by 
American  missionaries,  merchants  and  residents,  began  as 
early  as  1854,  but  were  ended  by  the  sudden  death  of 
the  king.  In  i87f)  a  reciprocity  treaty  was  made  with 
Hawaii  and  continued  many  years.  American  influence  be- 
came paramount.  In  1893  a  revolution  occurred  which 
humbled  the  monarchy  and  ended  in  another  ajiplication  for 
admission  to  the  Union.  Unacted  upon  b}-  the  Harrison  ad- 
ministration, it  was  opposed  by  that  of  Cleveland,  but  approved 
by  that  of  McKinlev,  the  islands  being  given  a  territorial  gov- 

36 


rri-!.ii.itnt  McKinloy  and  Admiral  Dewey 


ernmcnt  and  consti- 
tiitcd  a  customs  dis- 
trict in  1S97.  Their 
importance,  steadily 
increasing,  need  not 
he  stated  in  detail. 
Midway  hetween  the 
(jolden  Gate  and  the 
Manila  outpost,  they 
sentinel  our  ships, 
jiroNide  coaling  sta- 
tions, augment  our 
commerce,  and  compel 
respect  for  our  flag  in 
the  Pacific. 

By  a  treaty  rarihtd 
with  the  Republic  of 
Panama,  over  which  it 
holds  a  protectorate, 
the  United  States  on 
the  15th  of  February 
1904  became  the  owner 


(At  the  ceremonies  in  front  of  the  Capitol  at  Washington    ^I      a      Strip     Ol      lanCl 
on  October  3,  1899  when  the  President  presented  to  knOWn      aS      the      Canal 

the  .Admiral  the  sword  voted  bv  Congress)  /-.  ,-  ... 

Aone,  hve  miles  in 
width  on  eithc-  side  of  the  canal  now  being  built  by  our  gov- 
ernment to  connect  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans.  It  is  a 
stupendous  undertaking,  shortening  the  water  route  from  New 
^  ork  to  San  Francisco  by  8,400  miles,  upon  which  over 
40,000  men  are  now  engaged  and  will  cost  about  $500,000,- 
000,  $210,070,468  having  been  appropriated  for  it  up  to  June 
^o,  1910.  It  is  expected  to  be  finished  in  191 5.  Its  com- 
mercial, national  and  international  benefits  are  beyond  com- 
putation. It  is  the  latest  and  in  many  respects  the  grandest 
e.xpansion  of  the  dominion  of  the  Stars  and  Stripes. 

One  more  triumph  ot  the  flag  is  to  be  noted.  It  has  not, 
indeed,  enlarged  its  domain,  but  has  signally  exalted  its  pres- 
tige. After  numerous  expeditions  by  the  explorers  of  various 
nations  in  search  of  the  North  Pole  through  400  years,  attended 
with  much  of  pluck,  adventure,  suffering  and  death,  and  uni- 
formlv  with  disappointment,  Robert  K.  Pearv,  a  commander 
of  the   United  States  navv,  at  last,  on  the  ^nh  of    \|->ril    iQOg 


37 


reached  the  pole  and  fixed  the  Stars  and  Stripes  in  its  icy 
crest.  The  goal  so  long  and  so  vainly  striven  for  was  attained 
and  by  an  American. 

AlthouMi  the  close  of  the  Spanish  War  is  usually  said  to  be 
the  time  when  the  United  States  became  a  world  power, 
so  called,  such  rank  actually  dates  back  to  the  Monroe  Doc- 
trine, declared  in  1823,  and  since  maintained  inflexibly,  as 
Maximilian  found  to  his  undoing.  It  holds  that  European 
powers  shall  not  be  permitted  to  extend  their  systems  to  any 
part  of  the  western  hemisphere.  And  now  the  Stars  and  Stripes 
announces  unmistakably  that  this  nation  is  in  the  affairs  of 
the  world  to  sta\-. 

The  Stars  and  Stripes  floated  over  a  population  of  84,907,- 
156  according  to  the  federal  census  of  1900,  distributed  as 
follows : 

United  States,  proper, 75>9Q+o75 

Alaska,    63,592 

Hawaii, 154,001 

Philippines, 7,635,426 

Porto  Rico, 953,243 

Guam, Q'OOO 

Samoa, 6,100 

Persons   in    military   service   outside   continental 

United  States, Ql,2iq 

Total,       84,907,156 

By  estimates  made  by  the  governors  of  the  states  and 
territories  for  the  year  1909  the  population  thereof  was  89,770,- 
126;  and,  with  the  island  dependencies  it  seems  probable 
that  the  entire  population  will  reach  100,000,000  by  the  census 
of  19 10.  Only  three  countries,  China,  Great  Britain  and 
Russia,  have  a  larger  population  than  the  United  States.  It 
is  a  population  embracing  all  races  and  colors.  In  continental 
United  States  each  of  the  four  main  races  of  the  world  is  rep- 
resented in  percentages  as  follows:  white,  or  Caucasian,  S7.9; 
negro,  or  African,  11.6;  red,  or  Indian,  0.3;  and  yellow,  or 
Mongolian,  0.2.  Alaska  is  mainly  Mongolian;  the  Philip- 
pines, substantially  Malayans;  Porto  Rico,  nearly  all  African. 
The  invitation  to  immigration  has  been  generous,  with  liberal 
naturalization  provisions,  and  the  response  prompt  and  ample. 
The  Stars  and  Stripes  has  welcomed  all  settlers  here,  those 
wishing  to  better  their  conditions  by  larger  reward  for  their 
labor,  or  those  fleeing  from  the  oppressions  of  the  Old  World, 

38 


all  hut  the  .\h)n^()lians,  who  do  not  sccni  to  he  wanted  here 
and  whose  numhcr  the  hiw  restricts.  For  niaii\'  \ears  (ler- 
nians,  Irish  and  Scandinavians  formed  the  hidk  ot  imniit^rants; 
hut  of  Late  the  larger  proportion  has  heen  Russian  and  Italian. 
From  1S22  until  1910  the  immigrants  into  the  United  States 
aggregated  26,852,723.  691,901  arrived  from  Furope  during 
190S,  Russia  furnishing  156,71 1,  and  Italy,  123,503;  and  40,524 
came  from  Asia.  Ot  the  entire  pojndation  in  1900,  34.3  per 
cent  was  wholly  or  partially  of  foreign  parentage.  Thus  far, 
while  there  have  heen  some  vexatious  (piestions  to  consider  in 
reference  to  the  character  of  a  small  portion  of  immigrants, 
there  has  heen  no  serious  dirt^cult^■  in  assimilating  the  foreign 
element  with  American  citizenship.  It  has  dug  our  canals, 
huilt  our  railroads,  culti\ated  our  tieltls,  driven  our  looms, 
helped  to  fight  our  hattles,  in  no  small  degree  participated  in 
our  politics,  and  has  loyally  accepted  the  dominion  of  our  flag. 
The  Anglo-Saxon  is  still  the  prevailing  strain  in  American 
nationality — in  just  what  proportion  it  were  too  suhtle  an 
anahsis  to  determine,  for  there  has  been  a  constant  commin- 
gling of  stocks.  But  the  Anglo-Saxon — the  Puritan  of  New 
I'.ngland  and  the  Cavalier  of  \'irginia — has  been  at  the  head  of 
the  procession  as  it  has  explored  and  settled  the  continent 
through  300  years,  and  still  is  in  command. 

It  were  a  long  story,  impossible  to  tell  in  our  allotted 
space,  ot  the  dominion  of  the  flag  in  governmental  expression; 
in  enlightened  institutions;  in  the  written  American  constitu- 
tions; in  the  sovereignt\-  both  of  the  separate  states  and  the 
I  nion,  "distinct  like  the  billows  yet  one  like  the  sea";  in 
wealth,  in  manufactures,  in  inventions,  in  science  and  in 
popular  education,  da/./.ling  in  their  arra\ .  Iheir  mere  men- 
tion must  here  suffice.  Ihere  is  no  reason  to  tloubt  that  the 
dominion  of  the  flag,  which  has  heen  so  powerful  and  so 
glorious  in  the  past,  will  be  e(iual  to  the  call  of  the  future,  for 
the  flag  with  all  its  triumphs  in  territorial  settlement  and 
expansion,  111  mcreasmg  jiopulatioii,  in  war  aimI  in  peace,  in 
all  the  arts  ot  civilization,  has  its  crowning  triunijih  in  the 
taith  and  love  of  the  people. 

C'ii\i<[.i:s   Fi.i.ioTT   Fiicii 


39 


Courtesy  ."f  i,.  ,'i:  C.  Mrrri.vn  (V.,n|.,.ny.  I'liMibhcrs.  Spriiii^ficM.  M.i 


I 


N1<:W  \'ORK  FLAG   LAWS 

KnicATioN   l.Aw,  Ariki.I':  27 

Si;c.  710.  Purchusc  ami  display  0/  jlag.  It  shall  In-  tlu- 
duty  of  the  school  authorities  of  every  pubHc  school  in  the 
several  cities  and  school  districts  of  the  state  to  purchase  a 
United  States  flag,  flag-staft'  and  the  necessary  appliances 
therefor,  and  to  displa\-  such  flag  upon  or  near  the  puhlic 
school  huilding  during  school  hours,  and  at  such  other  times 
as  such  school  authorities  may  direct. 

Si-c.  711.  Riilt's  and  rrgiilatioiis.  1  he  said  school  authori- 
ties shall  estahlish  rules  and  regulations  for  the  proper  custody, 
care,  and  display  of  the  flag,  and  when  the  weather  will  not 
permit  it  to  be  otherwise  displayed,  it  shall  be  placed  con- 
spicuously in  the  principal  room  in  the  schoolhouse. 

Skc.  712.  Cotiiinissiouer  of  cdncatton  shall  prc[)arc  pro- 
gram. I.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  commissioner  of  educa- 
tion to  prepare,  for  the  use  of  the  public  schools  of  the  state, 
a  program  providing  for  a  salute  to  the  flag  and  such  other 
patriotic  exercises  as  may  be  deemed  by  him  to  be  expedient, 
under  such  regulations  and  instructions  as  may  best  meet  the 
varied   requirements   of  the   different  grades  in  such  schools. 

2.  It  shall  also  be  his  duty  to  make  special  provision  for 
the  observance  in  the  public  schools  of  Lincoln's  birthdav, 
Washington's  birthday.  Memorial  day  and  Flag  day,  and  such 
other  legal  holida\s  ot  like  character  as  may  be  hereafter  desig- 
nated b}"  law  when  the  legislature  makes  an  appropriation 
therefor. 

Shc.  713.  Military  drill  cxclndtuL  Nothing  herein  con- 
tained shall  be  construed  to  authorize  militarA"  instruction  or 
thill  in  the  jniblic  schools  during  school  hours. 

Pi.NAi.  Law,  Auric  1.1  i  :;4 
Sl-:c.  1425.  16.  An\-  jHison,  who  in  an\-  manner,  tor 
exhibition  or  dispL'u-,  shall  place  or  cause  to  be  placed,  anv 
word,  figure,  mark,  picture,  design,  drawing,  or  any  adver- 
tisement, of  any  nature  upon  any  flag,  standard,  color  or 
ensign   of  rlic   Lnired   States  of  America   or  state   flag  of  this 

43 


state  or  ensi<:;n,  shall  expose  or  cause  to  he  exposed  to  puhHc 
view  any  such  flag,  standard,  color  or  ensign,  upon  which 
after  the  rtrst  day  of  September,  nineteen  hundred  and  five, 
shall  ha\e  been  printed,  painted  or  otherwise  placed,  or  to 
which  shall  he  attached,  appended,  affixed,  or  annexed,  any 
word,  figure,  mark,  jiicture,  design,  or  drawing,  or  any  adver- 
tisement of  an\-  nature,  or  who  shall  expose  to  public  view, 
manufacture,  sell,  expose  for  sale,  give  away,  or  have  in  pos- 
session for  sale,  or  to  give  away,  or  for  use  for  any  purpose, 
any  article,  or  substance,  being  an  article  of  merchandise,  or 
a  receptacle  of  merchandise  or  article  or  thing  for  carrying  or 
transporting  merchandise,  upon  which  after  the  first  day  of 
September,  nineteen  hundred  and  five,  shall  have  been  printed, 
painted,  attached,  or  otherwise  placed,  a  representation  of  any 
such  flag,  standard,  color  or  ensign,  to  advertise,  call  attention 
to,  decorate,  mark,  or  distinguish,  the  article  or  substance,  on 
which  so  placed,  or  who  shall  public!}'  mutilate,  deface,  defile, 
or  defy,  trample  upon,  or  cast  contempt,  either  by  words  or 
act,  upon  any  such  flag,  standard,  color  or  ensign,  shall  be 
deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  shall  be  punished  by  a 
fine  not  exceeding  one  hundred  dollars  or  bv  imprisonment 
for  not  more  than  thirtv  days,  or  both,  in  the  discretion  of  the 
court;  and  shall  also  forfeit  a  penalt\-  of  fifty  dollars  for  each 
such  offense,  to  be  recovered  with  costs  in  a  civil  action,  or 
suit,  in  an;-  court  having  jurisdiction,  and  such  action  or  suit 
may  be  brought  b}'  or  in  the  name  of  an}-  citizen  of  this  State, 
and  such  penalty  when  collected  less  the  reasonable  cost  and 
expense  of  action  or  suit  and  recovery  to  be  certified  by  the 
district  attorney  of  the  county  in  which  the  ofl^"ense  is  com- 
mitted shall  be  paid  into  the  treasur\-  of  this  State;  and  two 
or  more  penalties  may  be  sued  for  and  recovered  in  the  same 
action  or  suit.  1  he  words,  flag,  standard,  color  or  ensign,  as 
used  in  this  subdivision  or  section,  shall  include  any  flag, 
standard,  color,  ensign,  or  any  picture  or  representation,  of 
either  thereof,  made  of  any  substance,  or  represented  on  an}' 
substance,  and  of  :\nv  si'/e,  evidenth'  purporting  to  be,  either 
of,  said  flag,  standard,  color  or  ensign,  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  or  a  picture  or  a  representation,  of  either  thereof,  upon 
which  shall  be  shown  the  colors,  the  stars,  and  the  stripes,  in 
any  number  of  either  thereof,  or  bv  which  the  person  seeing 
the  same,  without  deliberation  ma^'  belie\e  the  same  to  repre- 
sent the  flag,  colors,  standard,  or  ensign  of  the  United  States 

44 


ot  AiiK-rica.  1  lu-  iiosstssion  In'  am  |h  ison,  orlur  tliaii  a 
jHihlic  orticer,  as  sikIi,  ot  an\'  such  riag,  standard,  color  or 
ensign,  on  which  shall  he  an\tiiing  made  unlawtid  at  any 
time  hv  this  section,  or  ot  an\  article  or  substance  or  thing  on 
which  shall  he  ainrhing  niatle  unlawtul  at  an\'  time  h\'  this 
section  shall  he  jiresumptixe  e\  iilence  that  the  same  is  m 
violation  ot  this  section,  and  was  matle,  done  or  created 
alter  the  tirst  da\'  ot  SepttnilHr,  nineteen  hundred  and 
ti\e,  and  that  such  flag,  stantlard,  color,  ensign,  or  article, 
substance,  or  thing,  did  not  exist  on  the  tirst  da\-  of 
Septemlnr,    nineteen    hundred     and     tiN'e. 

Mil  II  \m    I. AW,  Akiici.h    i 

Sfc.  IQ.  Biitidu  of  records  of  the  zvar  of  the  rebellion; 
cottipletion  and  preservation  of  the  records  and  reins;  free 
inspection  of  the  same  and  (jiiarters  in  the  capitol,  I.  1  he 
adjutant-general  ot  the  state  shall  establish  and  maintain  as 
l>art  ot  his  otiice,  a  bureau  ot  records  ot  the  war  ot  the  rebellion, 
in  which  all  records  m  his  ofHce  relating  to  such  war,  and 
relics  shall  be  kept,  lie  shall  be  the  custodian  ot  all  such 
records,  relics,  colors,  standards  and  battle  flags  of  New  ^ Ork 
volunteers  now  the  j")ropert\'  ot  the  state  or  in  its  possession, 
or  which  the  state  ma\'  hereatter  ac(]uire  or  become  possessed 
ot,  and  he  shall  appoint  a  chief  of  this  bureau  w  ho  shall  hold 
office  under  his  direction  tor  six  )ears. 

2.  The  atl)utant-general  of  the  state  b\'  all  reasonable 
wa\s  antl  means,  shall  complete  such  records  and  gather  trom 
ever\'  a\ailal>K-  source  such  colors,  standartls  and  battle  flags 
as  were  borne  b\'  \ew  ^  ork  State  tro()j")s  m  the  war  of  the 
rebellion,  and  such  statistics  and  historical  intormation  and 
relics  as  may  ser\e  to  perpetuate  rlu-  memo:;-  and  heroic  deeds 
ot  the  soldiers  ot  the  state,  and  kt-ep  and  caiitulb  preserve 
the  same  in  such  bureau. 

J^.  lb-  is  aurhori/eil  to  re(|Uist  and  accept  trom  incor- 
porated associations  ot  \eterans  ot  the  diflerent  regiments, 
statements  and  intormation  dul\-  authenticated  by  them, 
descriptive  ot  then  colors,  standards  and  battle  flags,  together 
with  the  number  and  class  ot  arms  of  the  regiment,  the  date 
ami  jilace  ot  muster  into  the  ser\  ice  of  the  state  and  also  into 
the  scr\  ice  ot  the  I  nirinl  .Statis,  the-  jieriod  of  ser\  ice,  and  the 
date  and  place  of  muster  out,  the  date  of  departure  tor  the 
seat  ot  war,  the  various  battles  and  engagements   and   places 

45 


of  service,  including  garrison  duty,  the  time  of  joining  brigades, 
corps  and  armies,  with  tlie  time  and  nature  of  the  service,  and 
the  names  of  colonels  of  such  regiments,  the  names  of  those 
killed  in  action,  including  those  \vho  died  of  wounds,  and  the 
names  of  those  who  died  of  disease  during  their  period  of  serv- 
ice. Me  is  further  authorized  to  ask  the  co-operation  and 
assistance  of  the  adjutant-general  of  the  United  States,  and  ot 


f  New  ^'(irk   Rcpiim-nts 


(Sixteen  cases  ol  these  flags  are  exiiibilcj  in  the  Capitol  at  Albany.      The  carols  attached 
to  the  flags  give  the  names  and  engagements  of  the  regiments) 


46 


the  cirw  couiirx'  and  town  aurhoritKs  aiul  ofHcials,  and  ot  the 
Ciiand  Arnn'  ot  the  Rtpuhlic,  the-  .MiHtar\'  Order  ot"  the  J.oyal 
I.cgion,  and  ot  Organizations  and  ptrsons  in  tlie  State  ot' New 
^  ork  antl  elsewhere  ni  the-  collection  ot  such  orlu  r  informa- 
tion, relics,  memorials  and  battle  tlags  as  is  contemplated  h)- 
this  article,  in  order  to  make  as  comjilete  as  jiossihle  the 
recortls,  hist()r\'  and  statistics  ot  the  patriotic  ser\  ice  ot  the 
volunteer  soldiers  ot   the  state  during  the  war  ot  the  rebellion. 

4.  I  he  atljutant-general  ot  the  state  is  directed  to  cause 
to  be  transcribed  aiul  kept  m  books  ot  recortl  m  such  bureau 
the  historical  tacts,  inlormation  and  statistics  as  pr(n  ided 
abo\"e;  and  is  authorized  to  determine  a  convenient  size  tor 
the  volumes  m  which  such  statistics  and  historical  data  ma\' 
be  bound,  and  to  re(]uest  \eteran  associations  and  others  pro- 
j")()sing  to  sujipK'  such  historical  data  ami  intormation  to  furnish 
the  same  on  printed  or  manuscrij^t  sheets  ot  a  uniform  size  to 
corresjiond  with  the  size  ot  such  volumes. 

5.  He  is  further  authorized  to  provide  locked  and  sealed 
cases  with  glass  fronts,  as  nearlv  air-tight  as  practicable,  in 
which  shall  be  kept  and  displavetl  the  colors,  standards  and 
battle  Hags  above  mentioned,  and  receive  placards  in  duplicate, 
which  incorjiorated  regimental  veteran  associations  are  privi- 
leged and  empowered  to  furnish  and  upon  which  shall  be 
inscribed  svnopses  of  the  historical  intormation  and  statistics 
herein  jirov  itled  to  be  furnished  to  such  bureau  bv  regimental 
veteran  associations,  or  tailing  to  receiv e  such  data  and  intorma- 
tion from  such  veteran  associations,  for  the  jireparation  ot  such 
placards,  he  mav  utilize  the  aurhcnric  information  which  he 
mav  obtain  from  other  sources,  as  herein  provided,  which 
placards  shall  be  uniform  in  size  and  color  and  shall  be  attached 
to  or  conspicuoiislv  |ilaced  in  jMoximitv  to  the  colors,  standards 
and  battle  flags  to  which  thev  refer.  It  anv  placard  or  inscrip- 
tion shall  be  lost,  destroyed  or  removed,  the  ad)utant-general 
ot  the  state  shall  at  once  re|ilace  it  bv  duplicatt'  of  the  original 
on  file. 

1  he  legislature  shall  annuallv  make  suitable  appro]irianon^ 
to  enable  the  adjutant-general  of  the-  state  to  carrv  out  rhi. 
prov  isions  of"  this  section. 

().  I  he  books,  records  ami  other  jnopertv  and  nlics 
deposited  in  such  bureau  shall  be  open  to  msjuction  and  use, 
except  the  use  of  the  colors,  standards  and  battle  flags,  at 
such    reasonable    hours    and    under    such    regulations    as    the 


adjutant-general  ot  the  state  nia\'  determine.  No  battle  flag, 
book  or  any  property  placed  in  such  bureau  for  the  purpose 
of  this  article,  shall  be  removed  therefrom,  or  from  the  imme- 
diate custody  and  control  of  the  adjutant-general  of  the  state 
without  an  act  of  the  legislature. 

7.  The  trustees  of  the  capitol  are  authorized  and  directed 
to  provide  suitable  and  convenient  quarters  for  the  bureau  of 
records  whenever  the  adjutant-general  of  the  state  shall  require 


ttt-rtiMfi-ttH-ll 


National  and   State  Flags  Flyini;  From  the  Capitol 

and  make  demand  therefor,  and  to  properly  fit  up  and  prepare 
the  same  for  the  safe-keeping  of  such  records,  books  and 
property,  and  for  the  display  of  such  colors,  standards,  battle 
flags  and  relics  which  shall  be  known  and  maintained  as  the 
hall  of  military  records. .  The  several  municipalities  ot  the 
state  may  deposit  their  record  books  and  papers  relating  to 
the  war  in  the  archives  of  the  hall  for  safe-keeping,  and  trans- 


48 


cripts  therefrom  shall  be  furnished  on  application  h\  the  chief 
officer  of  the  municipality  without  cost  to  it.  Officers  or 
soldiers  may  deposit  therein  their  discharge  papers,  descriptive 
lists,  muster  rolls  or  compan\-  or  regimental  liooks  and  jxipers 
for  safe-keeping. 

The  interest  arising  horn  the  iincstnuin  of  the  funds 
contributed  by  towns,  cities  and  individuals  for  the  erection  of 
a  hall  ot  nulitarv  records  shall  be  devoted  to  the  maintenance 
of  the  hall  of  military  records  provided  in  this  section. 

Public  Bi  iidincs  L.aw,  Artklf  2 

Skc.  4.  Poivcrs  (ind  duties  of  sufycnntoideut.  The  super- 
intendent shall  :**=;=  -i^  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  * 
5.  Cause  the  flag  of  the  United  States  and  the  state  flag 
bearing  the  arms  of  the  state,  to  be  displayed  upon  the  capitol 
Innliling  during  the  daily  sessions  of  the  legislature  and  on 
public  occasions,  and  cause  the  necessary  flag-staffs  to  be  erected 
therefor.  The  necessary  expenses  incurred  thereby  shall  be 
paid  out  of   the    treasur\'   on   the  warrant   of  the  comptroller. 

Public  Buildings  Law,  Articlk  6 
Sfc.  81.  Displav  of  jorcign  jlngs  on  public  buildings.  It 
shall  not  be  lawful  to  display  the  flag  or  emblem  of  an\-  foreign 
country  upon  any  state,  county  or  municipal  building;  pro- 
vided, however,  that  whenever  any  foreigner  shall  become 
the  guest  of  the  United  States,  the  state  or  any  city,  upon 
public  proclamation  by  the  governor  or  UKnor  of  such  city, 
the  flag  of  the  country  of  which  such  jiublic  guest  shall  be  a 
ciri/in  may  be  displayed  upon  such  public  buildings. 

Klfction  L.\w,  Articli;  5 
Sec.  124.  Eniblnns.  When  a  party  nomination  is  made 
by  a  state  convention  of  a  candidate  or  candidates  to  be  voted 
for  by  the  voters  of  the  entire  state,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  such 
convention  to  select  .some  simple  device  or  emblem  to  designate 
and  distinguish  the  candidates  of  the  political  party  making 
such  nominations  or  nomination.  *  *  *  *  Vhv  device 
or  emblem  chosen  as  aforesaid  may  be  a  star,  an  animal,  an 
anchor,  or  any  other  apjiropriate  symbol,  bur  neirlu  r  the  coat 
of  arms  or  seal  of  any  state  or  of  the  Unitiil  States,  nor  the 
state  or  national  flag,  nor  any  religious  emblem  or  symbol, 
nor   the   portrait  of  any   person,   nor   the   representation   of  a 

49 


coin  or  ot  the  ciirrtnc\-  of  the  I  nirtcl  States  shall  be  chosen  as 
such  distinmiishing  cle\  ice  or  eiiihkni. 

St  ATI-    Law,  Akrici-H  6 

Skc.  70.  Dfscription  of  the  (inns  0}  thr  statr  (uul  the 
stdtr  jidg.  The  device  ot  arms  of  this  state,  as  adopted  March 
sixteenth,  seventeen  hundreil  and  se\enty-eight,  is  hereby 
declared  to  be  correctly  described  as  follows: 

Charge.  Azure,  in  a  landscape,  the  sun  in  fess,  rising  in 
splendor  or,  behind  a  range  ot  three  mountains,  the  middle 
one  the  highest;  in  base  a  ship  and  sloop  under  sail,  passing 
and  about  to  meet  on  a  river,  bordered  below  b\'  a  grassy 
shore  tringed  with  shrubs,  all  j")r()per. 

Crest.  On  a  wreath  a/iue  and  or,  an  American  eagle 
pro|ier,  rising  to  the  dexter  trom  a  two-thirds  ot  a  globe  terres- 
trial, showinir  the  north  Atlantic  ocean  with  outlines  of  its 
shores. 

Supporters.  On  a  (|uasi  compartment  formed  In  the 
extension  of  the  scroll. 

Dexter.  1  he  figure  of  Liberty  proper,  her  hair  disheveled 
and  decorated  with  pearls,  vested  azure,  sandaled  gules,  about 
the  waist  a  cincture  or  fringed  gules,  a  mantle  of  the  last 
depending  from  the  shoulders  behind  to  the  feet,  in  the 
dexter  hand  a  staff  ensigned  with  a  Phrygian  cap  or, 
the  sinister  arm  embowed,  the  hand  supporting  the  shield 
at  the  dexter  chirf  point,  a  ro\al  crown  b\'  her  sinister  foot 
dejected. 

Smister.  Ihe  figure  of  justice  proper,  her  ban'  dishe\eled 
and  decorated  with  pearls,  vested  or,  about  the  waist  a  cincture 
azure,  fringed  gules,  sandaled  and  mantled  as  Libert}',  bound 
about  the  eyes  with  a  fillet  proper,  in  the  dexter  hand  a  straight 
sword  hiked  or,  erect,  resting  on  rlir  sinister  chief  pouit  of  the 
shield,  the  sinister  arm  embowcti,  hoKling  before  her  her 
scales  proper. 

Motto.  On  a  scroll  below  the  shield  argent,  m  sable, 
Lxcelsior. 

State  flag.  1  he  State-  flag  is  herein'  declaieil  to  be-  blue, 
charged  with  the  arms  of  the  state  in  the  colors  as  tlescribed 
in  the  blazon  of  this  section. 

Si  e'.  71.  PdiiUcd  devices  of  arms  111  certdui  public  places. 
1  he  device  of  arms  of  the  state,  corresponding  to  the  blazon 
hereinbefore  gi\en,   shall   be   painted   in   colors   upon   wood   or 


can\as,  and  lutn<:  iiiioii  rlu-  walls  ot  rlic  cxccutiw  chamber, 
the  court  ot  ajipeals,  the  ortice  ot  the  secretar}'  ot  state,  and 
the  senate  and  assenihl\'  chanihers. 

Si:c.  72.  Pr(jliihitt(j)i  (jj  other  pictoridl  Jericcs.  Xo  pic- 
torial de\  ices  other  tlian  the  arms  ot  the  state  shall  be  used 
in  the  jiublic  ofHces  at  the  cajiitol  tor  letter  headings  and 
envelopes  used  tor  ofHcial  biisiiuss.  Persons  jirmring  and  cir- 
culating public  documents  under  the  auth()rit\'  ot  the  state, 
when  tlu\'  use  a  \ignette,  shall  jilace  upon  the  title  pages  of 
the  docununrs  rlu-  sramlard  iK-\  ice  ot  the  state  arms  without 
alterations  or  additions. 

Skc.  73.  Great  seal  of  the  state.  The  secretary  of  state 
shall  cause  to  be  engra\fd  ujion  metal  two  and  one-halt  inches 
in  diameter  the  de\  ice  ot  arms  ot  this  state,  accurately  con- 
tormed  to  the  description  thereot  gi\en  in  this  article,  sur- 
rounded with  the  legend,  "  1  he  great  seal  ot  the  state  of  New 
York."  It  alone  shall  be  used  as  the  great  seal  of  the  state, 
and  the  secretar)'  of  state  shall  ha\  e  the  custod}'  thereot. 

Sf.c.  74.  Use  of  the  great  seal.  All  such  matters  as  have 
issued  under  the  great  seal  of  the  state  since  March  sixteenth, 
seventeen  hundred  and  seventy-eight,  shall  continue  to  be 
issued  under  such  seal,  except  copies  of  papers  and  records 
certitied  by  the  secretary  of  state  or  his  dcput\-  and  authenti- 
cated under  his  seal  ot  ofHce. 


52 


SOMl     FAMOUS    I1..\(;S 

ANl'MHl.R  o\  Aiiurican  flags,  cither  for  rlicir  lH'aut\- 
or  rhfir  associarion  with  sonu-  illustrious  name  or 
notable  achie\  eiiieiit,  are  liistoricall)'  taiiious.  Some 
of  these  are  revoIutionar\-  flags  raised  before  the  Stars 
ami  Stripes  was  made,  while  others  are  of  the  regulation 
jKittern.  Some  are  still  preser\ed  with  religious  care  and 
on  special  occasions  shown  to  the  j^ublic.  Allusion  to  a 
few  of  them  \\  ill  be  made  here. 


Flag  of  thf.  Bon  Hommf  Richard 
Fhe  most  famous  naval  flag  of  the  Revolution  was  that 
of  the  l^on  Homme  Richard,  as  its  commander,  John  Paul 
Jones,  was  the  first  of  the  great  American  sea-fighters.  Born 
in  Scotland  in  1747?  'ind  becoming  a  sailor  at  twelve  years  of 
age,  he  had  seen  much  ot  romance  and  adxenture  on  the  seas, 
ami  was  settled  in  Virginia  when,  in  1775,  he  was  made  a 
lieutenant  in  the  Continental  nav\-.  He  became  a  captain  in 
1776  and  on  |une  14,  1777  he  was  given  command  of  the 
Ranger,  a  small  vessel  carry- 
ing eighteen  guns.  On  Julv 
4  he  is  said  to  have  hoisted 
the  first  Stars  and  Stripes  that 
ever  flew  on  an  American  man- 
of-w  a r .  In  1779  he  trans- 
ferred  the  same  flag  to  the  Due 
de  Duras,  a  rotten,  condemned 
l.ast  India  man,  on  which  lie 
mounted  forty  guns  of  various 
caliber  and  renamed  her,  in 
honor  ot  Beniamin  Franklin, 
the  Bon  Homme  Richard,  with 
which  he  took  many  prizes  in 
i',nglish  waters.  On  the  e\en- 
ing  of  September  23,  accom- 
panied by  two  small  vessels, 
the  Alliance  and  the  Pallas, 
he    fell     in     with     a    \aluabic 


pan) ,  Pul>IUhm, 


iirttiy  L.f  itic  Burrn«s  I!rot!i-r»  Cti 
CIrvcUnd.  Ohio 
From  Avrry'i  lll^ory  of  the  Unilp.1  Stitc* 
ami  Its  People 

Flag  of  the  Bon  Homme  Richard 


53 


/ 


Baltic  convoy  off  1- hiiiiborounh  Head,  jMotected  by  two  British 
men-of-war,  the  Serajiis  and  the  Scarborough.  The  Serapis 
was  a  brand-new  double-headed  frigate  carr\ing  fifty  guns. 
The  Pallas  attacked  the  Scarborough  and  after  a  brief  engage- 
ment compelled  her  surrender,  while  the  .Mliance,  by 
blundering  tactics,  did  more  harm  than  good.  The  grapple 
was  between  the  Serapis  and  the  Richard,  and,  notwithstand- 
ing the  condition  and  ecjuipment  of  his  vessel,  Jones  fought 
one  of  the  most  desperate  battles  and  won  one  of  the  most 
brilliant  \  ictories  in  na\  al  annals.  1  here  was  no  let-up  from 
beginning  to  end  and  the  carnage  was  terrific.  1  he  better 
captain  won,  and  the  better  ship  lost.  The  Richard  was  riddled 
from  stem  to  stern  and  was  enveloped  in  Hames  and  sinking, 
but  Jones  kept  right  on  pouring  broadsides  into  the  Serapis. 
When  his  surrender  was  demanded,  he  replied,  "I  have  not 
yet  begun  to  Hght,"  and  after  several  hours  of  the  bloodiest 
conflict  it  was  the  Serapis  that  hauled  down  her  colors.  All 
hands  that  were  left  were  transferred  to  the  Serapis,  her  crew 
were  made  prisoners,  and  the  Richard  was  abandoned  and 
went  to  her  watery  grave,  the  dead  being  left  with  her.  But 
she  went  down  "bows  first"  with  her  flag  at  the  masthead. 
Of  the  two  crews,  nearly  700  in  number,  350  were  killed  or 
wounded.  As  Paul  Tones  himself  sa\s,  "the  very  last  vestige 
mortal  eyes  ever  saw  of  the  Bon  Homme  Richard  was  the 
defiant  waving  of  her  unconquered  and  unstricken  flag  as  she 
went  down.  And  as  I  had  given  them  the  good  old  ship  for 
their  sepulchre,  I  now  bequeathed  to  my  immortal  dead,  the 
flag  they  had  so  desperately  defended  for  their  w  inding  sheet." 
Was  ever  a  finer  tribute  than  this  paid  to  the  flag.'  1  he  flag 
in  the  National  Museum,  a  cut  of  which  appears  on  the  pre- 
ceding page,  was  thought  for  a  time  to  be  the  flag  of  the  Bon 
Homme  Richard,  but  it  is  ncnv  conceded  that  the  original  flag 
went  down  with  the  ship. 

Flag  of  Piiil.xdi.i.imiia  Liciiir  Horsk 
The  earliest  use  of  stripes  on  an  American  flag,  as  already 
indicated,  is  believed  to  have  been  in  1775  on  the  banner  of 
the  Philadelphia  Light  Horse  Troop.  The  banner  was  pre- 
sented to  the  troop  by  its  first  captain,  .\bram  .Markoe.  It  is 
made  of  bright  yellow  silk,  and  is  forty  inches  long  and  thirty- 
four  inches  broad,  with  thirteen  blue  and  silver  stripes  alter- 
nating in  the  canton.     ()\er  the  crest,  a  horse's  head,  are  the 

54 


letters  "L.  11.,"  l,iglu  1  lorsc.  An  Aniciican  liulinn  iind  an 
angel  blowing  a  goklen  rriimjHt  support  the  scroll  iiiukr  which 
appear  the  words,  "For  These  We  Stri\'e."  The  troo|>  was 
organized   in    1774.     When    Washington   left   Pliihuklphia    on 


I',/  Ilslur-..  <:lcw-l,,n.|.  (Ihi..  MilvS  aiul    11-,   l'c..|'l» 

Standard  of  the  Philadelphia  Light  Horse  Troop  of  1775 

June  2^,  1775  to  go  to  Cambridge  to  assume  coniniand  ot 
the  Colonial  army,  he  was  escorted  to  New  York  by  the 
troop,  and  it  is  believed  that  this  banner  was  carried  at 
that  time.     It  is  now  carefully  preserved  by  the  First  Troop, 

l*hilackl|ihia   Cit\'  Ca\alr\'. 

Tm:  l-.i  TAW  1-^1  Ac; 
The  crimson  standard,  known  as  the  Kutaw  flas:,  tells  a 
love  story  of  the  Revolutionar}'  times.  In  17S0  Colonel 
W  illiam  Augustine  Washington,  a  relative  of  General  Wash- 
ington, came  from  \  irginia  to  South  Carolina  in  command  of 
a  force  of  cavalry.  Me  met  and  soon  fell  in  love  with  .Miss 
Jane  Idliott,  who  lived  near  Charleston.  Learning  one  day, 
when  Colonel  Washington  was  paving  her  a  visit,  that  his 
corps  had  no  flag.  Miss  Klliott  seized  her  scissors  and  cut  a 
square  section  from  a  piece  of  drapery  and  requested  him  to 
accept  it  as  his  standard.      He  readih'  accepted  and  bore  this 

55 


sinipl 
war. 
in    I  7 


f    tiamu  I    upon    a    hickoi")'    pole    unnl    rlu-    close    ot    the 

Colonel    Washington    and    Miss    I'Jhott    were    married 

82.        The      luitaw    flaii     was    carried  at    the    battle    of 

Co  w  p  e  n  s  and  at 
that  of  K  u  t  a  w 
Springs,  where  it  got 
its  name.  The  ban- 
ner was  presented 
b^'  Mrs  Washington  in 
1X27  to  the  Washington 
Light  Infantry  of 
Charleston,  and  is  still 
m  rlu-  possession  of  that 
oriranization. 


Courtesy  of  The  Biirrows  Brothers  Company.  Publi>^ln-rs, 

Clfvelaiid.  Ohio 

From  Avery's  History  of  the  United  States  and  Its  People 

The  Eutaw  Standard 


Pulaski's  Banner 
The  Maryland  His- 
torical Society  carefully 
preserves  at  Baltimore 
the  banner  of  Pulaski, 
which  is  reproduced  on 
the  ojiposite  page.  Our 
histories  of  the  Revolution  have  not  gi\  en  much  space  to  its 
romantic  story.  Count  Casmiir  Pidaski  was  a  true  soldier  of 
fortune.  The  son  of  a  nobleman,  he  was  born  in  Podalia, 
Poland,  March  4,  1748.  After  having  been  known  as  the  lead- 
ing Polish  military  patriot,  and  having  been  chosen  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  Polish  forces,  he  found  himself  at  the  age  of 
twenty-four  outlawed,  with  his  estates  confiscated,  and  a  price 
.set  upon  his  head.  He  went  to  I  urkey  and  thence  to  France, 
and  in  1777  upon  the  advice  of  Benjamin  P'ranklin  he  joined 
the  American  army  as  a  volunteer.  He  attracted  Washington's 
attention,  had  a  part  in  the  battle  of  (lermantown,  and  on 
September  15,  1777  was  appointed  commander  ot  the  cavalry 
with  the  rank  of  major-general.  He  resigned  his  command  in 
March  1778,  and  was  authorized  by  Congress  to  raise  and 
organize  a  corps  of  "sixty-eight  light  horse  and  two  hundred 
foot."  This  was  known  as  Pulaski's  Legion.  The  banner 
of  the  legion  was  made  by  the  .Moravian  Single  Sisters  of 
Bethlehem,  Pa.  It  is  twenty  inches  scjuare  and  was  attached 
to  a  lance  when  borm-  on  the  Held.  On  one  side  are  the 
letters    "U  S"    ami,    in    a    circle    around    them,    the     words 


56 


":  E 


"Unitas  Virtus  Forcior,"  meaning  "Union  Makes  \  alor 
Stronger."  I'he  letter  "c"  in  the  last  word  should  be  "t." 
On  the  other  side,  surrounding  an  eye,  are  the  words,  "Xon 
Alius  Regit,"  meaning  "No  Other  Governs."  Pulaski  carried 
this  banner  when  he  was  ordered  to  South  Carolina  with  his 
troops  in  1779.  On  October  9,  when  the  combined  French 
and  Anurican  forces  attacked  the  Ihitish  at  Savannah,  Pulaski 
commanded  the  cavalr\-  of  both  armies.  A  true  soldier  to  the 
last,  he  received  a  mortal  wound  in  this  battle  and  died  shorth' 
after  having  been  taken  on  board  the  United  States  brig 
Wasp.  This  brilliant  Polish  soldier,  an  exile  from  his  own 
countr\',  at  the  age  of  thirtv-one  was  consigned  to  a  waterv 
grave  in  the  new  land  for  which  he  gave  up  his  life.  Paul 
Bentalon  of  Baltimore,  one  of  Pulaski's  captains,  was  with 
him  \\  hen  he  fell.  He  secured  the  now  famous  banner  and  it 
subsequently  passed  into  the  possession  of  the  Mar\land 
Historical  Societ\',  where  it  now  remains. 

"Old  Glory" 
The  Essex  Institute  at  Salem,  Massachusetts,  has  in  its 
possession  what  is  believed  to  be  the  first  Hag  to  receive  the 
name  Old  Glory.  Captain  William  Driver,  who  was  born 
in  Salem,  March  17,  1803,  is  given  credit  for  originating  the 
title.  In  1837  ^^^  removed  to  Nashville,  lennessee,  where  he 
died  on  March  2,  1886.  In  183 1  he  commanded  the  brig 
Charles  Doggett  on  the  vo)'age  in  which  the  mutineers  of 
the  British  ship  Bounty  were  rescued  and  returned  to  Pitcairn 
island.  Captain  Driver  was  presented  with  the  flag  just 
before  the  brig  sailed,  and  as  it  was  hoisted  it  is  said  that  he 
christened  it  Old  Cilory.  He  carried  his  cherished  flag  with 
him  to  his  new  home  in  Nashville  and  exhibited  it  upon  many 
occasions.  When  the  Civil  War  broke  out,  the  Confederates 
tried  to  get  possession  of  the  flag,  and  searched  his  house  for 
it.  He  sewed  it  up  securely  in  his  bed  covers  and  it  was  not 
discovered.  When  the  Pederal  troops  entered  Nashville  on 
I'ebruary  25,  1862  Captain  Driver  secured  permission  to  raise 
his  flag  over  the  state  capitol.  It  is  said  that  he  unfurled  it 
from  the  flag-staff  himself,  and,  with  tears  in  his  eyes,  as  it 
swung  free  in  the  breeze  remarked,  "  Phere,  those  Texas 
Rangers  have  been  hunting  for  that  these  six  months  without 
finding  it,  and  the\-  knew  I  had  it.  I  have  alwa}s  said  if  I  could 
see  it  float  over  that  capitol  1  should  have  lived  long  enough; 

58 


now  Old  (jlory  is  up  thciv,  giiuKnun,  and  I  am  rc-ad\-  to 
die."  He  gave  the  Hag  in  18S2  ro  his  niece,  Mrs  Harriet 
Ruth  Cooke,  and  upon  his  death  in  iS<S()  she  presented  it  to 
the  l-.ssex  Institute,  where  it  is  now  carefully  preserved. 
1  hn)Ui;li  the  courtesy  of  the  institute  a  half  tone  reproduc- 
tion ot  the  Hat:  IS  show  II  helow  . 


'Old  GK.rv 


59 


£l 


h 


Thk  Cosfkdkrate  Fi_\(.s 

60 


nil.    CONri.Dl.RAll.    11. ACS 

Till.  Confederate  States  ot  America,  clurin^  riuir  re- 
volt from  the  Union,  floated  three  different  banners 
successivelw  1  he  Hrst,  known  as  the  "stars  and 
bars,"  was  adopted  h\  the  convention  at  Montgomery, 
March  4,  1S61,  the  very  da\-  on  which  Abraham  Lincoln 
was  inaugurated  president  of  the  I  nited  States.  It  is  thus 
described  in  the  report  of  the  committee  which  recommended 
its  adoption  : 

riic  flag  of  the  Confederate  States  of  America  shall  consist  of  a  red  field, 
with  a  white  space  extending  horizontallv  through  the  center,  and  e(|iial  in 
width  to  one-third  the  width  of  the  flag;  the  red  spaces  above  and  below  to  be 
of  the  same  width  as  the  white.  The  union  blue,  extending  down  througii 
the  white  space  and  stopping  at  the  lower  red  space;  in  tlie  center  of  the  union, 
a  circle  of  white  stars  corresponding  in  nimibcr  (then  seven)  with  the  states 
of  the  Confederacy. 

In  the  selection  ot  this  flag,  so  similar  to  that  of  the 
United  States,  and  yet  diflVring  sufHcientlv  from  it,  as  was 
assumed,  to  mark  the  distinction,  it  is  evident  that  affec- 
tion for  the  Stars  and  Stripes  carried  away  those  who  were 
arrayed  against  it.  Indeed,  the  committee  candidly  acknowl- 
edged that  something  "was  conceded  to  what  seemed  so 
strong  and  earnest  a  desire  to  retain  at  least  a  suggestion 
of  the  old  stars  and  stripes."  Kvents,  however,  showed 
that  the  resemblance  was  too  pronounced  and  occasioned 
confusion  and  mistakes,  and  in  battle  it  was  almost  wholly 
superseded  b\'  (General  Beaureirard's  battle  fla<:,  which  was  a 
red  or  crimson  held,  us  bars  blue,  running  diagonally  across 
troni  one  corner  to  the  other,  the  stars,  white  or  gold,  the 
blue  bars  being  separated  from  the  red  lield  b\'  a  white 
HUet.  1  he  need  ol  a  change  lucame  apparent,  aiul  was 
thus  jilainK-  stated  in  the  /^/<7////o//</  Dispdtili  of  December 
7,   i<S(H  : 

We  knew  the  flag  we  had  to  fight;  yet,  instead  of  getting  as  far  from  it, 
we  were  guilty  of  getting  as  near  to  it  as  possible.  We  sought  similarity, 
adopting  a  principle  dramatically  wrong.  \\'e  made  n  flag  as  nearly  like 
theirs  as  coulil  only  under  favorable  circumstances  be  distinguished  from  it. 
I  luUr  unfavorable  circvnnstances  (such  as  constantly  occur  in  practice),  the 
two  flags  are  iMilisrin^uishaiilc 

61 


Thus,  after  nuicli  tliscussioii,  the  second  flag  ot  the  Con- 
federacv  was  estahhshed  by  its  Congress,  May  i,  1863: 

I  he  fla^  of  the  Con  feck' rate  States  shall  be  as  follows:  1  he  field  to  be 
white,  the  lennth  double  the  width  of  the  flan,  with  the  union,  now  used  as 
the  battle  ria<i.  to  be  a  S(|uare  of  two-thirds  of  the  width  of  the  Hag,  having 
the  ijround  red;  therein  a  broad  saltire  (St  Andrew's  cross)  of  blue,  bordered 
with  white  and  emblazoned  with  white  mullets  or  five-pointed  stars,  corre- 
sponding in   luiMiber  to  that  of   the  Confederate  States. 

The  olijicrions  to  this  flag  were  that  at  a  distance  it  hore  a 
close  resenihhmce  to  the  l^ritish  white  ensign  and  also  that 
it  had  the  appearance  of  a  flag  ot  truce,  and  they  seemed  so 
valid  that  it  was  resolved  to  add  a  hroad  transverse  strip  of 
red  to  the  end  ot  the  fl}'  of  the  flag.  So  the  third  national  ensign 
of  the  Contederac}'  was  adopted  h\"  its  Senate  on  lehruar\"  4, 
1865,  and  is  thus  ofHcially  described: 

The  width  two-thirds  of  its  length;  with  the  union  now  used  as  a  battle 
flag  to  be  in  width  three-fifths  of  the  width  of  the  flag,  and  so  proportioned 
as  to  leave  the  length  of  the  field  on  the  side  of  the  union  twice  the  width  below 
it;  to  have  a  ground  of  red  and  broad  blue  saltire  thereon,  bordered  with  white, 
and  emblazoned  with  mullets  or  five-pointed  stars,  corresponding  in  number 
to  that  of  the  Confederate  States.  Ihe  field  to  be  white,  except  the  outer  half 
from  the  union,  which  shall  be  a  red  bar,  extending  the  width  of  the  flag. 

This  flas:  was  short-lived.  It  hardlv  lived  to  be  born. 
The  Confederacy  died  at  Appomato.x,  April  Q,  1865,  and  with 
it  the  flag.  Southern  loyalty  to  the  Republic  was  renewed 
and  Southern  love  for  the  old  flag  was  revived.  ihe  South  vies 
with  the  North  in  the  arts  of  peace  and  stands  shoulder  to 
shoulder  with  her  in  the  conflict  of  arms.  Now,  for  both, 
there  is  and  e\er  will  be  one  land,  one  government,  one  people 
and  one  flag — the  Stars  and  Stripes. 


THK   BLUE  AND  TlIK  CRA^' 
Hv  the  flow  of  the  inland  river, 

\\  hence  the  fleets  of  iron  have  fled, 
\\  here  the  blades  of  the  grave-grass  (]uiver, 
Asleep  are  the  ranks  of  the  dead; — 
Under  the  sod  and  the  dew, 

Waiting  the  judgment  day; — 
Under  the  one,  the  Hlue; 
Under  the  other,  the  Ciray. 

These  in  the  robings  of  glorv, 

1  hose  in  the  gloom  of  defeat. 
All  with  the  battle-blood  gory. 

In  the  ilusk  of  eternit\'  meet; — 


62 


Under  the  sod  and  the  dew, 

Waitini;  the  jud<;mcnt  day;- 
Under  the  laiiitl,  the  Hhie; 

I  luUr  the  willow,  the  CIrav. 

From  tile  silence  of  sorrowful  hours 

1  he  desolate  mourners  go, 
Lovinglv  laden  with  Howers 

Alike  for  the  friend  and  the  foe; — 
Under  the  sod  and  the  dew, 

Waiting  the  judgment  day; — 
Under  the  roses,  the  Blue; 
Under  the  lilies,  the  Ciray. 

So,  with  an  etjual  splendor 

The  morning  sun-ravs  tall. 
With  a  touch,  impartially  tender, 
On  the  hlossoms  hlooming  for  all; 
Under  the  sod  and  the  dew. 

Waiting  the  judgment  da\  ; — 
Broidered  with  gold,  the  Blue; 
Mellowed  with  gold,  the  Clray. 

So,  when  the  summer  calleth. 
On  forest  and  field  of  grain 
With  an  eiiual  murmur  falleth 
The  cooling  drip  of  the  rain; — 
Under  the  sod  and  the  dew. 

Waiting  the  judgment  day; — 
Wet  with  the  rain,  the  Blue; 
Wet  with  the  rain,  the  Gray. 

Sadlv,  but  not  with  upbraiding. 
The  generous  deed  was  done; 
In  the  storm  of  the  years  that  are  fading, 
No  braver  battle  was  w-on; — 
Under  the  sod  and  the  dew, 

Waiting  the  judgment  day; — 
Under  the  blossoms,  the  Blue; 
Under  the  garlands,  the  (Iray. 

No  more  shall  the  war-cry  sever. 
Or  the  winding  rivers  be  red; 
They  banish  our  anger  forever 

When  they  laurel  the  graves  of  our  dead! 
Under  the  sod  and  the  dew. 

Waiting  the  judgment  day; — 
Love  and  tears  for  the  Blue; 
Tears  and  love  for  the  (iray. 

Irancis  M.  Finch 

7uJgt  in    \rw    )'«ri    Cur/  tf  jl^frali,  /SSo-fiJ 
63 


THE  SCHOOLHOUSE  AND  THE   FLAG 

Ye  who  love  the  Republic,  remember  the  claim 
Ye  owe  to  her  fortunes,  ye  owe  to  her  name. 
To  her  years  of  prosperity  past  and  in  store, — 

A  luiiulnil  bchintl  vou,  a  thousand  before! 

Tin-  blue  arch  above  us  is  Liberty  s  dome. 
The  j^rcen  fields  beneath  us  Equality's  home; 
Hut  the  schoolroom  today  is  Humanity's  friend, — 
Let  the  pcoi>le  the  Hag  and  the  schoolroom  defend! 

'Tis  the  schoolliousc  that  stands  by  thr  flag; 
Lei  the  nation  stand  by  the  school f 
'Tis  the  school  bell  that  rings  for  our  Liberty  old, 
'Tis  the  school  boy  whose  ballot  shall  rule. 

Frank  Trkat  Southwick 


64 


'iiii:  iF.Ac.  AM)  mi:  schools 

Till',  tiistoni  ot  raising  rlic  Stars  aiul  Stiijics  oNcrtlie 
schoolhouses  ot  the  land,  especially  at  critical  periods 
in  the  history  of  the  nation,  as  an  ins|-)iration  to  the 
children  ot  America,  dates  hack  nearh'  a  ceiuurw  The  first 
authenticated  history  ot  such  a  ceremony  is  that  at  Catamount 
Hill,  Colrain,  Massachusetts  in  May  1S12.  A  monument 
^vith  a  suitahle  mscription  commemorative  of  the  event  has 
been  placed  upon  the  site  of  the  log  schoolhouse  at  Cata- 
mount. The  custom  grew  with  the  years  and  at  the  breaking 
out  of  the  Civil  \\  ar  became  general  in  the  Northern  States. 
There  are  several  claimants  for  the  honor  of  raising  the  Hrst 
schoolhouse  flag;  in  1861  and  amonjr  these  are  Winchester  and 
Hillsboro  Center,  New  Hampshire,  and  Lawrence,  New  Bed- 
ford and  (iroveland,  Massachusetts.  Since  the  Civil  War 
the  custom  has  been  resolved  in  many  states  into  law.  In 
1867  flags  were  raised  over  the  public  schools  in  New  York 
cit}'.  Later  came  an  enthusiastic  nioxement  in  ^^■hich  edu- 
cators, lawmakers  and 
patriotic  citizens  gener- 
ally took  part,  for  com- 
pelling the  exhibition  of 
the  flag  at  or  on  school- 
houses,  and  still  later 
one  in  favor  of  the  ob- 
sers'ance  of  patriotic 
exercises  in  the  schools 
on  the  14th  of  June- — 
Flag  day.  1  he  toUow- 
ing  statutes  with  these 
objects  in  view  have 
been  passed  b\'  \arious 
states.  Ihe  chronolog- 
ical order  will  show  the 
national  scope  of  these 
laws,  and  it  will  not  be 
long  before  ever\'  state 

in      the      L^nion      will      fl\'  Monument  at  Catamount  Hill 


■            ■      "J 

Floatco  im  May  1812        ->|ffl| 

,^^jj|*ALoc  SCHOoi.  Hoh-.e;    vV.iH-.«-iK^ 

'  --^HR*  '^ -'      i^ 

*  MlLlaniM  Willis  AMD  Mkv  brn^||^^H 

V.  ■ 

65 


the  Stars  and  Stripes  o\er  its  schoolhouses  and  seminaries  of 
learning  and  lime  14  will  he  a  festal  occasion,  if  not  a  prescribed 
holiday,  all  over  the  land. 

North  Dakota:  School  hoards  may  purchase  United  States 
Hags  to  place  on  or  in  huildings.      March  18,  1890. 

New    Jersey:    School   hoards   may  purchase  United  States 
flags  to  place  on  or  in  huildings.     May  5,  i8qo. 
United  States  flag  must  he  displayed  on   schoolhouses. 
April  4,  1894.      Fhig  day,  June   14,  to  be  observed  in 
schools.     April  1907. 

Colorado:  United  States  flag  must  he  displa}ed  on  school- 
houses.     March  26,  1 89 1. 

Connecticut:  United  States  flag  must  be  displayed  on 
schoolhouses.      June  14,  1893. 

Delaware:  United  States  flag  must  be  displayed  on  school- 
houses.      January  31,  1895. 

Montana:  School  authorities  shall  purchase  and  display 
durino-  school  hours  and  at  other  times  the  United 
States  flag.     February  26,  1895. 

.Wisconsin :  United  States  flag  must  be  displayed  on  school- 
houses.     March  29,  1895. 

Massachusetts:  United  States  flag  must  be  displayed  on 
schoolhouses.     April  3,  1895. 

New  York:  United  States  flag  must  be  displayed  on  school- 
houses.     April  3,  1895. 

Authorities  to  have  United  States  flag  displayed  upon 
or  near  every  public  school  during  school  hours;  State 
Commissioner  of  Education  to  provide  program  for 
salute  to  flag,  other  patriotic  exercises  and  observance 
of  holida)'s  (including  Flag  day).     April  11,  1898. 

Michigan:  United  States  flag  must  be  displaced  on  school- 
houses.     April  4,  1895. 
Designating  June  14  as  Flag  da\\      Ma^■  4,  1901. 

Illinois:  United  States  flag  must  be  displayed  on  school- 
houses.      June  26,  iS()5. 

Flag  to  In-  i^laced  on  schoolhouses  on  such  da}s  as 
directors  ma\'  determine.      June  2,   1897. 

66 


Ohio:     Lnitca    States    Ra^    must    he   Jisplayca    c,n   school- 
houses.      March  25,  1896. 
Pennsylvania:     School    authorities    may    purchase    United 

States  flags  and  display  at  discretion.     July  9,  1897. 
Rhode  I.sland:    I'nited  States  flag  to  he  displayed  on  puhlic 
school   huildinus;    school  committees  to  regulate  time; 
Fehruary    12    to   he   CJrand    .Army   Flag   day;   conuius- 
sioner  of  puhlic  schools  to  prepare  program.      Fehruary 
21,  1 90 1 . 
West  \iruinia:    Boards  of  education  may  provide  for  and 
recjuire  display  of  United  States  flag  over  schoolhouses. 
Fehruary  iiy  1901. 
Wyoming:    School  district  trustees  to  place   Inited  States 

flags  on  schoolhouses.      Fehruary  2^,  1903. 
New    Hampshire:     School    hoards    to    purchase    flags    for 
schoolhouses    at    city    or    town    expense    not   e.xceedmg 
Sio  apiece.     March  3,  1903. 
\rizona:    United  States  flag  to  he  provided  for  each  school 
huilding;    superintendent  of  puhlic  instruction  to  pre- 
pare   patriotic    programs   for   holidays    (including   Hag 
day).     March  13,  1903. 
Idaho:     Schools    to    he    provided    with    flags.      March    10, 

-1903.     .Amending  act  ot  1899. 
New  Mexico:     Puhlic  schools  to  own   and  display   United 
States    flag;     Fehruary    12    to    he    celehrated    as    Hag 
dav;    daily  flag  salute.      March  10,  1905. 
Oklahoma:     Misdemeanor  for  city  hoard  of  education  or 
school  district  hoard  not  to  display  United  States  flag 
in  schoolhouse.      March   10,  1905. 
Oregon:    Recpiiring  display  of  United  States  flag  on  school 
huildiniis    in     Element    weather    during    school     hours. 
Fehruary  i^,  1907- 
Kansas:     United    States    flag    to    he    displayed    at    puhlic 
schools;   flag  exercises  daily  ;ind  ohserv;ince  ot  holidays. 
March  (\  \^p-j. 
Utah:    American  flag  to  he   displayed  on   schoolhou.ses  on 
legal    holidays,    Fehruary     12    :.nd    Flag    day.      March 
II,  1907. 

67 


Indiana:  School  trustees  to  accept  donation  for  United 
States  flag  to  be  displayed  on  holidays.  March  12, 
1907. 

California:  School  authorities  to  provide  flags  to  he  raised 
over  schoolhouses  durinji  sessions;  smaller  flairs  for 
class  rooms.      March  15,  1907. 

Maim-:  Municipalities  to  furnish  all  schools  with  flags. 
March  2S,   1907. 

1  enncssce :  ]^e(|uiring  displa\'^of  United  States  flag  on 
school  buildings  in  counties  of  70,000  to  90,000.  April 
15,  1907. 

\'ermont:  Recjuiring  display  of  United  States  flag  on 
premises  ot  school  when  in  session.  December  2, 
1908. 

SaI.UTK    to    THK    f\AC    FOR    ScHOOl.S 

The  American  Flag  Association,  which  was  organized  in 
New  ^'ork  cit>'  in  1897,  is  a  society  of  individual  members, 
and  also  a  union  of  flag  committees  of  the  jiatriotic  societies 
of  the  Unitetl  States.  The  object  of  the  associiition  nia\'  be 
stated  to  be  "the  fostering  of  public  sentmient  in  f;i\or  of 
honoring  the  flag  of  our  countr}',  and  preser\  ing  it  from 
desecration,  and  ot  initiating  and  forwarding  legal  meas- 
ures to  pre\ent  such  desecration."  The  object  is  one  to 
which  all  patriotic  citizens  can  subscribe.  Ihe  association 
has  already  circulated  widely  its  suggested  salute  to  the  flag 
for  schools.  Ibis  salute  is  not  prescribed  b^'  the  Education 
Department;  but  is  jirinted  below  for  the  information  of 
school  officers  and  teachers  and  its  use  when  pracric;ible  is 
recommended. 

At  a  gi\en  hour  in  the  morning,  the  pupils  are  assembled 
and  in  their  places  in  the  school.  A  signal  is  gi\en  In  the 
jirincipal  of  the  school.  l'.ver\'  pujiil  rises  in  his  placi  .  1  he 
flag  is  brought  forward  to  the  ]irinciii;il  or  teaclu  1.  \\  hile  it 
is  being  brought  forward  from  the-  door  to  the  stand  of  the 
principal  or  teacher,  e\er\'  pupil  gi\ts  the  flag  the  milit:irv 
salute,  which  is  as  follows: 

1  he  right  hand  ujiliftKl,  palm  upward,  to  a  line  with  the 
forehead  close  to  it.  \\  hile  thus  standing  w  ith  jialm  ujiward 
and  in  the  attitude  of  salute,  all  the  pupils  repeat  together 
slowK'  and  distincth"  the  following  pledge: 

68 


I  pledge  allegiance  to  im  Hag  and  ro  rlu-  Republic  tor  which 

it  stands, 
One  nation  indivisible,  with  liberty  and  justice  for  all. 

At  the  words,  as  pronounced  in  this  pledge,  "to  my  flag," 
each  one  extends  the  right  hand  gracefully,  palni  upward, 
toward  the  flag  until  the  end  of  the  pledge  affirniation.  Then 
all  hands  drop  to  the  side.  The  pupils,  still  standing,  all  sing 
together  in  unison  the  song  America. 

In  the  jiriniar}'  dcjiarrnunts,  wlurc  the  chiKlren  are  very 
small  they  are  taught  to  repeat  this,  instead  of  the  |)ledge  as 
gi\en  for  the  older  children: 

I  give  my  head  and  nn   heart  to  ( lod  and  m)   Counti), 
One  Countr},  one  Language,  one  Flag. 

In  some  schools,  the  salute  is  given  in  silence,  as  an  act 
of  reverence,  unaccompanied  by  any  pledge.  At  a  signal,  as 
the  flag  reaches  its  station,  the  right  hand  raised  palm  down- 
ward, to  a  horr/.ontal  position  against  the  forehead,  and  held 
there  until  the  flag  is  dipped  and  returned  to  a  \ertical  position. 
1  hen,  at  the  second  signal,  the  hand  is  dropped  to  the  side  and 
the  pupil  takes  his  seat. 

1  he  silent  salute  conforms  very  closely  to  the  military-  and 
naval  salute  to  the  flag. 

Principals  may  adopt  the  "silent  salute"  for  a  daily  exer- 
cise and  the  "pledge  salute"  for  special  occasions. 

Flag  Day  1-..\i;rcisks 
for   ihk  (jkadks 

A  suggested  program  for  the  grades,  prepared  bv  Miss  Clara  Walker,  Principal 
School  No.  i6,  Albany,  New  York. 

1.  CnoKUS — America. 

2.  F.XHRCISK- — The  Flag  of  Our  C()unrr\ . 

TWENTY    I  OIRTH    CRADK    I'll'll.s 

One  pupil  ic;uis,  carrying  large  .Anuriiaii  flag,  ami  takes  his  place 
on  platlorni  at  extreme  right.  Nineteen  children  follow,  each  carry- 
ing a  large  white  letter.  It  is  suggested  that  the  letters  forming  the 
words  of  the  title  be  mounted  on  alternate  red  and  blue  shields,  as 
THE  on  red,  FLAG  on  blue,  etc.  The  pupil  bearing  the  first  letter 
stands  opposite  the  leader  at  extreme  left,  the  others  standing  so  that 
the  words  may  be  easily  read.  Kach  pupil  recites  one  line,  except 
the  nineteenth,  who  recites  two  lines. 

69 


Xliere  is  our  country's  banner 
Held  b)-  a  loyal  hand; 
Each  heart  holds  it  in  honor 

Floating  o'er  all  the  land. 
Love  it  we  shall  forever, 
And  as  we  older  grow, 
Great  hope  he  ours  that  nc\er 

Our  nation's  blood  shall  flow. 
From  ocean  \ast  to  ocean 

O,  may  men  ever  be 
United  in  its  devotion. 
Reliant,  safe,  and  free. 

Colors,  crimson,  blue  and  white, 
Of  these  our  flag  is  made; 
Unfurled,  floating  in  the  light 
Ne'er  will  its  glory  fade. 
Those  white  stars  on  Held  of  blue 
Reveal  the  Union  strong, 
Yea,  patient,  stanch,  sturdy,  true. 
In  making  right,  in  breaking  wrong. 

Leader  with  flag  steps  forward  to  center  of  the  platform.  .At  signal 
the  school  rises  and  in  concert  gives  the  oath  ot  allegiance  to  the 
flag.     (Page  69.) 

3.  Chorus — O,  Starr}-  Flag  of  Union,  Hail.     (Page  85.) 

4.  Dkci.amation — The  American  Flag,  by  H.  \\  .   Beecher. 

(Page  82.) 

SIXTH    GRADH    BOY 

5.  RixiTATiON — Captain  Molly  at  Monmouth.      (Page  98.) 

FIFTH    GRADE    GIRI. 

6.  Chorus — Oh,  Columbia,  the  Ciem  ot  the  Ocean.     (Page 

94-) 

7.  1  AHi.KAU — Making  the  Flag. 

THREE    BOYS    .AND    TWO    GIRLS    FRO.M    SEVENTH    GRADE 

The  boys  represent  General  Washington,  Robert  Morris  and 
George  Ross,  standing,  while  one  girl,  Betsy  Ross,  is  seated,  sewing 

70 


on  a  Hag.     \  tr\   simple  costumes  will  answer  tor  this  tableau.      I  he 
second    girl,    in    ordinary   dress,    recites     The    Banner    Betsy   Made. 

8.      S()N(;—    I  In  If  arc-  Mam    1*  lags. 

riRsT    Vi:\R    CLASS 

Each  pupil  carries  a  small  flag  which  is  held  upright  during  the 
singing  of  the  verses,  and  waved  above  the  head  while  the  chorus  is 
being  sung. 

g.     Ri:cir.\TioN — The  Name  of  Old  CjIoh'.      (Page  96.) 
ei(;hth  yi:.\r  oiri. 

10.     Churl  s — The  Sclioolliousc  and  tin-  1- lag.      (Page  64.) 
I  I.      Ri-ciTATioN — A  Song  for  Flag  Day.      (Page  95.) 

THIRD    YKAR    BOY 

12.  CoNCKRT  Rkcitation — God  Save  the  Flag.     (Page  96. 

TEN    THIRD    GRADE    PIPILS 

13.  Chorus — The  Flag  Goes  By.      (Page  95.) 

14.  Evolution  of  the  American  Flag. 

seven  eighth  grade  boys 

Each  hov  carries  the  flag  indicated  by  his  description.  It  will  add 
interest  to  this  exercise  if  the  girls  of  the  class  make  the  flags  in  their 
manual  training  class.  Cheesecloth  will  serve  the  purpose.  The 
boys  may  make  the  dowels  and  mount  the  banners. 

First  Box — This  is  St  George's  cross  which  was  planted  at 
Labrador  by  Cabot  in  14Q7,  to  proclaim  England's  possessive  right 
to  the  land.      It  was  the  first  English  flag  unfurled  in  Anurica. 

ScionJ  Boy — I  bear  the  banner  that  first  floated  over  the  |ierma- 
nent  settlements  in  America.  i  his  flag  was  known  as  the  King's 
Colors,  and  was  made  by  combining  the  white  cross  of  St  Andrew 
and  the  red  cross  of  St  (leorge,  when  England  and  Scotland  were 
united  after  centuries  of  war.  It  is  believed  by  many  historians 
that  the  ship  that  brought  over  the  Jamestown  colonists  in  1607,  and 
also  the  good  ship  Mayflower  in  1620,  carried  both  the  cross  of  St 
George  and  the  King's  Colors. 

Third  Boy — The  Pine  Tree  Elag  of  New  England,  as  well  as  the 
Liberty  Flag  and  the  Rattlesnake  Flag  displayed  the  beginning  of  an 
independent  spirit  among  the  American  colonists. 

Fourth  Boy — The  first  flag  of  American  independence  was 
unfurled  over  Washington's  head<|uarters  at  Cambridge  in  |anuar\' 
1776.  It  was  adopted  by  the  Continental  Congress,  and  consisted 
of  thirteen    stripes,    representing   the   thirteen    united    colonies,   and 

7« 


15 


rctaiiud  the  Kin<;'s  Colors  as  evidence  that  the  colonists  still  considered 
themselves  Lnglishmen. 

Fifth  Boy — This  flag  must  thrill  every  heart  as  we  realize  that 
our  fathers,  assembled  in  Congress,  June  14,  1 777,  nearly  a  year 
after  the  Declaration  of  Independence  was  passed,  adopted  this 
design  of  thirteen  stripes  and  thirteen  stars  to  show  to  all  the  nations 
on  earth  the  right  of  the  new-born  nation  to  a  place  among  them. 

Sixth  Boy — Although  Vermont  was  admitted  into  the  Union  in 
1 791  and  Kentucky  in  1792,  no  change  was  made  in  the  flag  until 
July  4,  1795,  when  by  act  of  Congress  two  stripes  and  two  stars 
were  added.  In  a  few  years  it  became  evident  that  it  \vould  be  im- 
possible to  continue  to  add  a  star  and  a  stripe  for  each  new  State. 
In  18 1 8,  there  then  being  twenty  States,  Congress  enacted  a  law  mak- 
ing the  flag  of  the  United  States  thirteen  alternate  red  and  white 
horizontal  stripes,  and  providing  that  one  star  be  added  to  the  union 
of  the  Held  upon  the  admission  of  each  new  state. 

Seventh  Boy — Our  country's  flag!  Proudest  emblem  of  our 
nation's  life!  America's  heroes  lifted  it  high  over  Fort  Stanwix, 
Saratoga,  Monmouth,  Stony  Point,  ^  orktown,  Gettysburg,  Vicks- 
burg,  Richmond,  San  Juan  and  Manila.  It  has  been  carried  to  the 
North  Pole  by  American  hands.  \\  herever  it  goes,  may  it  forever 
carry  peace  and  prosperity. 

Se.michorus — Our  Flag  High  Above.     (Page  99.) 

SEVENTH    .\XD    EIGHTH    GRADES 


16.     Solo  and  Chorus — Star  Spangled  Banner.     (Page  86.) 

SOLO    BY    SIXTH    GRADE    BOY 


17-     Flag  Drill 


/• 


TWENTY-SIX    SECOND    GRADE    PUPILS 


M         Blue 

Rpd 

M 

l_ 

Whitp 

L 

K 

Rpd 

K 

.7 

V\hi+p 

J 

T 

Red 

T 

M 

Whitp 

M 

Ct 

Red 

C-r 

Whitp 

F 

r 

Red 

F 

n 

WhitP 

n 

c 

Rprl 

c 

R 

WhiTP 

R 

A 

Rfld 

A 

This  may  be  given   by  e(|ual  numbers  of  boys  and  girls,  or  in 
couples  to  suit  the  personnel  of  the  class.     Couple  A  A  are  the  smallest. 


7^ 


M  M  the  largest.  The  diagram  will  explain  the  arrangement  as  it 
appears  at  the  Hnal  Hgure  in  the  formation  of  the  flag.  Strips  of 
cheesecloth  of  suitable  length  to  make  the  desired  width  of  the  flag, 
are  used.  Ihe  ends  of  the  strips  are  pinned  to  the  shoulders  of  A  A, 
H  li,  etc.  Couples  join  hands  in  center  of  strip  and  hold  it  from  the 
floor  during  the  march.  Beginning  with  Ci  (i  the  strips  must  be  of 
two  colors  sewed  together:  G  G  has  red  and  blue,  H  II  has  white  and 
blue,  etc.  White  paper  stars  pasted  on  the  blue  will  enhance  the  effect. 
Children  enter  stage  in  couples,  A  A,  B  \i,  etc.,  in  order.  March  for- 
ward, turn  to  left,  march  to  back,  down  center.  A  A  turn  to  right, 
B  B  to  left,  C  C  to  right,  D  1)  to  left,  etc.  Meeting  at  center  back, 
couples  fall  into  first  |)osition,  B  B  following  A  A,  etc.  Down  center, 
separate  as  before,  come  torwartl  from  center  back  in  double  couples, 
with  space  between  E  K F    V    and    stand    marking   time. 

CC I)  1) 

A  A B   B 

Ihe  odd  couple  M  M  advance  through  space  between  the  lines;  one 
turns  to  right,  one  to  left,  winding  in  and  out  between  couples  until 
they  reach  position  at  back.  I  he  two  columns  move  forward,  A  A 
turning  to  the  left,  B  B  to  right,  C  C  to  left,  etc.,  until  they  reach 
center  back,  when  they  fall  into  first  position.  Couples  separate 
length  of  streamer,  thereby  showing  Hag  in  position.  Close  up  ranks 
and  march  off  in  couples. 

1 8.     Chorus — My  Own  United  States. 


I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 
8 

9 

10 

1 1 

12 

H 


For  High  Schools 

A  siipgested  p:ogram  for  high  schools  prepared  by  Supt.  F.  D.  Boynton, 
Ithaca,  New  York. 

Chorus — 1  he  Star  Spangled  Banner Key 

Declamation — 1  he  Stars  and  Stripes  ....    Sunnier 
Essay — I  he  hvokition  of  the  American  Flag. 

Rhcitation — Fhe  American  Flag Drake 

Chorus — Battle  Hymn  of  the  Repuhlic      ...       Hoive 

FssAY — What  the  Flair  Stands  For. 

Di.ci.AMAiioN — Ihe  Man  without  a  Country    .     .     Hale 

Chorus — Hail  Columliia Hopkitisoti 

RlXlTATlON — The  Blue  and  the  (ira\ Finch 

Dkclamation — Ciettyshurg  Speech Lincoln 

Chorus — Tenting  on  the  Old  Camp  (Iround     .    .   Smith 
KssAY — Explanation  of  famous  sayings  on  page  79. 
Sai.utk  to  the  Fla(;  in   the  school. 
Chorus — America Smith 


73 


How  TO  Make  a  Flag 

Prepared  by  Miss  Grace  C.  Parsons,  instructor  in  sewing  and  drawing, 
Vocational  School,  Albany,  New  York. 

T.     Size.     9'9"x6'6". 

This  particular  size  is  suggested  for  convenience  of 
measurements.  1  he  proportions,  however,  are  close  to  those 
prescribed  by  United  States  Army  regulations. 

II.  Material. 

8  yards  of  red  bunting. 

3^  yards  of  blue  bunting. 

8  yards  of  white  bunting. 

^  yard  of  canvas. 

i^  yards  of  stout  muslin. 

2  harness  rings. 

2  spools  of  white  thread,  no.  6o. 

III.  The  Plan. 

The  planning  of  the  flag  can  he  done  as  a  class  lesson — 
a  drawing  made  by  each  pupil. 

The  field  of  the  union  should  be  3'  g"  x  3'  6",  the  stripes 
6"  wide,  and  the  canvas  binding  at  back  i\"  wide,  when  fin- 
ished (see  diagram  I). 

The  forty-six  stars  are  arranged  in  six  rows,  eight  in  the 

■^ ■ j-5"- -I 


• 

-^ 

- 

-t- 

-t- 

-t- 

1 

r 

-  - 

-  - 

-     - 

-       - 

-        • 

- 

4- 

-»- 

•t- 

4- 

X 

4- 

+ 

f- 

f 

+ 

-♦- 

-♦- 

4- 

+ 

-+ 

i 

•    - 

' 

-        ■ 

- 

- 

f 

- 

- 

- 

' 

f 

t 

Hrst,  st'wn  ill  rlu-  sccoiul,  eight  iii  tlu-  next  two,  sc\cii  in  the 

iiLXt,  ;iiul  light  in  the  last  (see  diagram  I). 

1  he  ariangeiiient  of  stars 
will  he  accoitling  to  diagram 
11.  The  length  of  the  blue 
hekl  can  he  tlixided  into  eighths 
and  the  depth  into  sixths. 
1  his  makes  tort\-ei}:ht  oh- 
longs.  1  he  row  s  ha\  ing  eight 
stars  will  ha\e  the  stars  placed 
in  center  ot  oblong,  those  hav- 
ing se\  en  stars,  the  center  of  star 

placed  on  line  (see  diagram  11  i. 

vS^  1  wo    rings   ^'"  in    diameter 

are  placed  in  the  can\as  strip    i"  from  the  end. 

1\;      The  Star. 

1  he  class  can  then  make  the  pattern  for  a  hve-pointed  star. 
1  he  geometric  jirohlem  of  constructing  a  pentagon  within  a 
circle  is  the  one  involved. 

Draw  a  4"  circle.  Draw  the  horizontal  and  \ertical 
diameters  A  B  and  C  1).  Make  the  point  of  intersec- 
tion E.  Bisect  K  B  and  mark  the  point  of  intersection  F. 
^^  ith  F  as  center  and  CF  as  radius,  transcribe  an  arc 
cutting  A  E.  Mark  point  of  intersection  (i.  With  (i  C  as 
radius  and  C  as  center,  describe  two  arcs  on  either  side 
ot  C  cutting  circumference  at  II  and  J.  With  H  and  |  as 
centers  and  same  radius  de- 
scribe two  more  arcs,  cutting 
circumference  at  K  and  L. 
Connecting  points  on  cir- 
cumference gnes  pentagon. 
Connect  C  K  and  C  [,,  |  L 
and  1  IL  aiul  II  K.  fhis 
will  give  the  h\  e-|->()inted  star. 
Cut  this  out  for  |iattern  (see 
diagram  111 ). 

.\  star  mav  be  cut  (|uickl\- 
b)'  folding  as  in  diagram  I\  . 

\'\      Coitipiiting     Amount    of 
Material  and  (lost. 
After     the     drawing    has    been    made    and    the    stars    cut, 


/> 


the    class    can    conipiirt'    the    amount    of    material    necessary 
and  the  cost. 

Ihe  bunting  comes  one  yard  wide. 

Let  the  pupils  find  the  number  of  stripes  of  red  and  of 
white  that  can  be  cut  from  one 
width  of  goods.  One-halt  inch 
must  be  allowed  for  seams, 
and  one  inch  tor  hem  at  end 
of  flao;.  Plan  to  have  the  two 
outside   red   stripes  seKage. 

Compute  amount  ot  blue 
needed.  It  will  probably  be 
necessary  to  ha\e  a  seam 
lenjrthwise  throujrh  the  middle 
of  the  blue  held. 

Then  hjrure  the  amount  of 
muslin  tor  ninctv-two  stars 
like  pattern  and  the  amount 
of  canvas  tor  binding. 

1  he  tla<r  should  be  enforced 
at  each  back  corner  where  the 
rings  are  placed,  by  an  extra 
piece  of  bunting  (6"x7") 
stitched  Hat  like  a  patch.  This 
will  come  on  the  blue  tield 
and  on  the  lowest  red  stripe. 

\'I.      The  Making. 

The     two     piec'es     which 
strengthen    the    corners    where      (f)  ^/,ouj^  rei^^rje  ©/  © 
the  rings  are  placed  should   be       Cut  an  aottcal  /inc.  at  Cf) 
stitched  down  tirst. 

The  seams  are  felled  and  made  as  narrow  as  possible 
(iV  finished).  1  hev  should  be  carefulK'  basted  and  stitched 
on  a  machine. 

The  blue  field  can  be  divided  up  in  sections  as  planned 
on  drawing  (diagram  11  i.  This  can  be  marked  out  h\  stretch- 
ing a  chalked  cord  at  opposite  division  points  and  snapping 
it  down  on  cloth. 

lo  mark  the  centers  make  a  pattern  of  one  oblong  and 
punch  a  small  hole  in  center.  La)'  pattern  on  each  oblong 
of  cloth  and  chalk  center. 


76 


Each  star  can   Ik-  oxticast  with   a   shallow    hut  close  stitch 
heforc  scwini^  to  htlil.      It  can  then  he  hastt-d  on  one  side  of 

the  Hehl,  then  on  the  opposite  side, 
and  finallv  stitched  to  the  blue.  The 
stitching;  should  he  from  point  to  point 
through  the  center  as  in  diagram  \  . 

In  seamin*!  the  blue  Held  to  the 
stripes,  seam  across  the  Hag  first,  tlun 
down  the  length  in  one  seam. 

Stitch  hem  on  end  of  flag  with 
three  rows  ot  stitching  and  can\as 
hindinjr  at  hack,  with  two  rows. 
The  harness  rmgs  can  he  laid  on  can\as  an  mch  from  the 
end  and  marked  for  inside  circle — the  goods  cut  from  center 
of  circle  to  mark  in  three  or  four  places,  turned  back  on  ring 
and  buttonholed  over  with  stout  linen  thread  (see  diagram  \'I). 
The  work  can  be  divided  up  as  it  seems  feasible.  A  group 
of  girls  can  sew  the  stripes 
together — another  group  can 
baste  the  stars  on  while  a  third 
group  is  overcasting  the  edges 
of  the  stars. 


IRO.M    rilK    l.\^'   OK    rilK   L.ASr   MINSTREL 

Hrtatlu-s  there  the  iiian,  with  soul  so  dead, 
Who  never  to  himself  hath  said, 

1  his  is  my  own,  mv  native  land! 
Whose  heart  hath  ne'er  within  him  hurn'd. 
As  home  his  footsteps  he  hath  turn'd, 

From  wandering  on  a  foreign  strand! 
If  such  there  breathe,  go,  mark  him  well; 
1  or  him  no  minstrel  raptures  swell; 
High  though  his  titles,  proud  his  name, 
Houndless  his  wealth  as  wish  can  claim; 
Desjiite  those  titles,  power,  and  pelf, 
The  wretch,  concentred  all  in  self. 
Living,  shall  forfeit  fair  renown. 
And,  doubly  dying,  shall  go  down 
To  the  vile  dust,  from  whence  he  spruni:. 
Unwept,  unhonour'd,  and  unsung. 

Sir  W  \i  1 1  k   .>c()IT 

77 


IN    DKFKNSK   OF    II  AC    AM)   COUNTRY 

Don'r  uixf  up  tlu-  sliip.  0.\rr.    I.\mi:s   I.awrhnce 

Sink    or   swim,   li\f    or   tin.-,  sur\i\c   or    jicrish,   I    gi\c   my 
luart  and  m\'  haiul  ro  this  xote.  John  ;\i).\ms 

A  star  tor  every  state,  and  a  state  for  every  star. 

Roin-RT  Charli-s  Wintiirop 

See,  there  is  Jackson,  standing  like  a  stone  wall. 

Bl  RNARD    K.    13 HE 

I  propose  to  tight  it  out  on  this  line  it  it  takes  all  summer. 

Ui.YssHs  S.  Grant 

\\  e  ha\e  met  the  eiieiin  ,  and  they  are  ours. 

Oliver  Hazard  Pjrry 

A  little  more  grape,  Captain  Bragg. 

Cji;m;rai.  Zaciiarv  Ta^  i.or 

I    am    not  worth    purchasing,  hut  such  as  I   am,  the  king 
ot   I'.ngland  is  not  rich  enough  to  buy  me. 

General   josii-n   Ri;i:d 

I  know  not  what  course  others  ma\-  take;    but,  as  for  me, 
give  me  liberty  or  give  me  death.  Patrick  Henry 

I  have  not  yet  begun  to  tight.  Pal  i.    Jones 

1  here  the\-  are,   bo^■s ;  we  must  beat  them  today,  or  this 
night  Moll\-  Stark's  a  widow.  Colonel    John  Stark. 

Millions  for  deteiise,  not  one  cent  tor  tribute. 

CiLVRLES    C.    PiNCKNEY 

Pll  try,  sir.  Colonel    |ami  s   Miller 

If  an\'   one    attempts    to    haul    tlow  n    the    American    tlag, 
shoot  him  on  the  spot.  Gi  niral    John   A.  Dix 

I  regret  that  1  ha\e  but  one  lite  to  give  to  my  countr\ . 

Nathan  Hale 

79 


Till    Si()i<>    oi    A   Nlu    ^'ork    Ho'^' 

E\  \.\\\  li()\  and  ^irl  ought  to  know  tlit-  stor\-  of  Colonel 
l.lnur  I.,  l.llsworth,  a  New  ^  ork  l-)o\-  w  liose  dcatli  in 
tlctensf  ot  the  Hag  at  Alexandria,  \  irginia,  on  Ma\'  24,  i(S6i, 
was  a  tragic  incident  in  the  heginning  of  the  Civil  War.  He 
was  born  at  Mechanicville,  New  ^'ork,  on  April  2^,  1S37. 
His  parents  were  poor  and  he  was  earlv  thrown  on  his  own 
resources.  As  a  mere  ho\-  he  drifted  to  Troy  and  then  to 
New  ^'ork,  where  he  worked  at  whatever  he  could  find  to  do. 
Always  passionately  fond  of  military  tactics,  he  spent  much 
time  in  New  ^'ork  watching  the  drill  of  the  Seventh  Regiment 
and  in  perfecting  himself  in  the  manual  of  arms.  At  the  age 
ot  twenty-two  we  find  him  a  student  in  a  law  office  in  Chicago, 
going  hungry  man}-  times  and  sleeping  on  the  fioor  of  the 
office.  He  became  an  expert  fencer  and  soon  was  captain  of 
a  company  of  young  men  known  as  the  Chicago  Zouaves. 
Drilling  his  company  to  perfection,  he  challenged  the  militia 
companies  of  the  United  States  and  made  a  successful  tour  of 
the  country  in  the  summer  of  i860,  surpassing  many  of  the 
crack  companies  in  eastern  cities.  At  the  age  of  twenty-three 
he  went  hack  to  Chicago  one  of  the  most  talked  of  men  in  the 
country.  Soon  thereafter  he  entered  the  law  office  of  Abraham 
Lincoln  at  Springfield,  and  while  making  speeches  in  support 
of  Lincoln's  candidac\'  for  the  presidency,  he  was  dreaming  of 
a  national  bureau  of  militia,  and  more,  he  was  making  definite, 
rational  plans  to  that  end.  He  accompanied  the  president- 
elect to  N\  ashington,  and  Lincoln  made  him  a  lieutenant  in 
the  army.  \\  hen  the  war  broke  out  he  went  to  New  ^'ork 
and  organized  the  New  York  Zouaves,  a  regiment  of  1,100 
men,  and  early  in  May  186 1  brought  his  regiment  to  Wash- 
ington. On  the  evening  of  ]\Ia\-  2^  he  was  ordered  with  his 
regiment  to  occupy  the  town  of  Alexandria,  \  irginia.  Ihis 
he  did  at  dawn  the  following  morning  without  resistance.  On 
his  way  with  a  squad  of  Zoua\es  to  take  possession  of  the 
telegraph  office  he  caught  sight  of  a  Confederate  flag  floating 
from  the  summit  of  the  Marshall  House.  Accompanied  by 
four  sf)ldiers  he  rushed  into  the  hotel,  up  the  stairs  to  the  roof, 
and  tore  (low  11  the  flag.  Coming  down  the  stairs  he  was  met 
by  the  hotel-keeper  and  shot  dead.  The  uniform  he  wore, 
the  sword  he  carried,  and  the  Confederate  flajr  he  tore  down 
are  now  displayed  in  the  capitol  at  \lban\  and  are  reproduced 
n  the  opposite  |")age.      A  monument  at   Mechanic\ille  marks 


o 


80 


^TI^EIISWORTH'IBWAIS^' 


hi 


the  last  rcsrin^  phitt-  of  tliis  brilliant  young  New  York  soldier, 
who  gave  up  his  lite  at  the  \er}'  beginning  of  a  great  ci\  il  war 
\\hKh  was  to  purge  the  countr\'  ot  its  greatest  evil  and  more 
firml)'  estal^hsli  the  flag  ot  the  I  nion. 

'Ihh  Ami:rican  Fi.ac 

AIHOUGH  1  FUL  nimd,  when  it  sees  a  nation's  flag, 
sees  not  the  flag  onl}-,  but  the  nation  itself;  and  what- 
e\er  may  be  its  symbols,  its  insijrnia,  he  reads  c-hiefl\-  in  the 
flag  the  government,  the  principles,  the  rrurh,  tlu-  histor\', 
which  belong  to  the  nation  that  sets  it  forth. 

W  hen  the  French  tricolor  rolls  out  to  the  wind,  we  see 
France.  When  the  new-found  Italian  flag  is  unfurled,  we  see 
resurrected  Italy.  When  the  other  three-cornered  Hungarian 
flag  shall  be  lifted  to  the  wind,  we  shall  see  in  it  the  long-buried 
but  never  dead  principles  of  Hungarian  liberty.  When  the 
united  crosses  of  St  Andrew  and  St  (ieorge,  on  a  fier}'  ground, 
set  forth  the  banner  of  Old  I'.ngland,  we  see  not  the  cloth 
merely;  there  rises  up  before  the  mind  the  noble  aspect  of 
that  monarchy,  which,  more  than  any  other  on  the  globe,  has 
advanced  its  banner  for  liberty,  law,  and  national  prosperity 

This  nation  has  a  banner,  too;  and  wherever  it  streamed 
abroad,  men  saw  daybreak  bursting  on  their  eyes,  for  the 
American  flag  has  been  the  symbol  of  liberty,  and  men  rejoiced 
in  it.  Not  another  flag  on  the  globe  had  such  an  errand,  or 
went  forth  upon  the  sea,  carr^•ing  everywhere  the  glorious 
tidings. 

1  he  stars  upon  it  were  to  the  pining  nations  like  the  morn- 
ing stars  of  God,  and  the  stripes  upon  it  were  beams  of  morning 
light. 

As  at  early  dawn  the  stars  stand  first,  and  then  it  grows 
light,  and  then  as  the  sun  advances,  that  light  breaks  into 
banks  and  streaming  lines  of  color,  the  glowing  red  and  intense 
white  striving  together  and  ribbing  the  horizon  with  bars 
ettulgent,  so  on  the  American  flag,  stars  and  beams  of  man)- 
colored  light  shine  out  together.  And  wherever  the  flag 
comes,  and  men  behold  it,  they  see  in  its  sacred  emblazonry 
no  rampant  lion  and  Herce  eagle,  but  onU*  LK^H  T,  and  every 
fold  significant  of  liberty. 

The  history  of  this  banner  is  all  on  one  side.  Under  it 
rode  Washington  and  his  armies;  before  it  Burgoyne  laid 
down  his  arms.      It  wa\ed  on  the  highlands  at  West  Point; 

82 


it  floated  over  okl  Fort  Monti^onurw  When  Arnold  would 
have  surrendered  tliese  \ahiaMe  fortresses  and  jirecious 
legacies,  his  night  was  turned  into  day,  and  his  treach- 
er^'  was  driNen  awa\'.  In'  the  heanis  ot  light  from  this  starry 
hanner. 

It  cheered  our  arnn ,  dri\en  troni  New  ^  ork,  ui  their 
solitary  pilgrimage  through  New  |erse\'.  It  streamed  in  light 
over  \  alle\'  Forge  and  Morristown.  It  crossed  the  waters 
rolling  with  ice  at  Frenton;  and  when  its  stars  gleamed  in  the 
cold  morning  with  victory,  a  new  day  ot  hope  dawned  on  the 
despondency  of  the  nation.  And  when,  at  length,  the  long 
years  of  war  were  drawing  to  a  close,  underneath  the  folds  of 
this  immortal  banner  sat  Washington,  while  ^  orktown  sur- 
rendered its  hosts,  and  our  Revolutionary  struggles  ended  with 
\  ictory. 

Let  us  then  twine  each  thread  of  the  glorious  tissue  of  our 
countr\'s  flag  about  our  heartstrings;  and  looking  upon  our 
homes  and  catching  the  spirit  that  breathes  upon  us  from  the 
battle-flelds  of  our  fathers,  let  us  resolve,  come  weal  or  woe, 
we  will,  in  life  and  in  death,  now  and  forever,  stand  by  the 
stars  and  stripes.  They  have  been  unfurled  from  the  snows 
of  Canada  to  the  plains  of  New  Orleans,  in  the  halls  of  the 
Monte/umas  and  amid  the  solitude  of  every  sea;  and  every- 
where, as  the  luminous  symbol  of  resistless  and  beneficent 
power,  they  have  led  the  bra\e  to  \ictory  and  to  glor\\  Ihey 
have  floated  over  our  cradles;  let  it  be  our  prayer  and  our 
struggle  that  they  shall  float  over  our  graves. 

Henry  Ward   Bi:i:chkr 

Rfim.v  to  Tin    Mayor  of  Xhw  "^'ork  City 

Fi-bruarv  20,   1861 

TMl. RF  is  nothing  that  could  ever  bring  me  to  consent  — 
willingly  to  consent — to  the  destruction  of  this  Lnion  (in 
which  not  only  the  great  city  of  New  ^'ork,  but  the  whole 
countr\-,  has  acquired  its  greatness),  unless  it  would  be  the  thing 
tor  which  the  F  nion  itself  was  matle.  I  understand  that  the 
ship  is  made  tor  the  carr\ing  and  preservation  ot  the  cargo; 
and  so  long  as  the  ship  is  sate  with  the  cargo,  it  shall  not  be 
abandoned.  Ihis  Union  shall  never  be  abandoned,  unless 
the  possibilit\-  of  its  existence  shall  cease  to  exist  without  the 
necessity  ot  throwing  passengers  and  cargo  overboard. 

Ai'.RAiiAM   Lincoln 

8i 


Thh  Star  Spanch.ii)   IJannkr 

Till]  Star  Sjxingkd  I^anncr!  Was  ever  flag  so  beautiful, 
did  ever  flag  so  till  the  souls  of  men  r  Yhe  love  of  woman  ; 
the  sense  ot  dut\';  the  thirst  tor  glor\- ;  the  heart-throbbing 
that  impels  the  humblest  .American  to  stand  In'  his  colors, 
tearless  in  the  detense  of  his  native  soil,  and  holdin";  it  sweet 
to  die  for  it — the  warning  \\hich  draws  him  to  it  \\hen  exiled 
trom  it — Its  tree  institutions  and  its  blessed  memories,  all  are 
embodied  and  s\inb()li/x'd  b\'  the  broad  strijies  and  bright 
stars  ot  the  nation's  emblem,  all  li\e  ajrain  in  the  lines  and 
tones  ot  Ke\'s  anthem.  1  wo  or  three  began  the  song,  millions 
join  in  the  chorus.  rhey  are  singing  it  in  Porto  Rican  trenches 
and  on  the  ram|-)arts  ot  Santiago,  and  its  echoes,  borne  upon 
the  winjrs  ot  morninjr,  come  rolling:  back  trom  far  awa\'  Manila  ; 
the  soldier's  message  to  the  soldier;  the  hero's  shibboleth  in 
battle;  the  patriot's  solace  in  death!  Kven  to  the  la/\'  sons 
of  jieace  w  ho  lag  at  home — the  pleasure-seekers  whose  merr\'- 
makin<>;  turns  the  nitrht  to  da\" — those  stirrin":  strains  come 
as  a  sudden  trumpet-call,  and,  abo\e  the  sounds  of  re\elr}', 
subjugated  tor  the  moment  to  a  stronger  power,  rises  wave 
upon  wa\e  of  melodious  resonance,  the  idler's  aimless  but 
hearttelt  tribute  to  his  countrv'  and  his  country's  flag. 

Hi:  NR^'  Waii  i  KsoN 

WHEN  my  eyes  shall  be  turned  to  behold  for  the  last  time 
the  sun  in  heaven,  may  I  not  see  him  shining  on 
the  broken  and  dishonored  fragments  of  a  once  glorious  Union; 
on  states  dissevered,  discordant,  belligerent;  on  a  land  rent 
with  civil  feuds,  or  drenched,  it  may  be,  in  fraternal  blood! 
Let  their -last  feeble  and  linjrerinjj  irlance  rather  behold  the 
gorgeous  ensign  of  the  Republic,  now  known  and  honored 
throug-hout  the  earth,  still  lull  hiiih  advanced,  its  arms  and 
trophies  streaming  in  their  original  luster,  not  a  stripe  erased 
or  polluted,  nor  a  single  star  obscured,  bearing  tor  its  motto 
no  such  miserable  interrogator}'  as  "What  is  all  this  worth  ?" 
nor  those  other  words  of  delusion  and  tblh',  "  Libert\'  Hrst  and 
Union  afterwards";  but  everywhere,  spread  over  all  in  charac- 
ters of  living  light,  blazing  on  all  its  ample  folds,  as  the\-  float 
over  the  sea  and  over  the  land,  and  in  ever^■  wind  under  the 
w  hole  heavens,  that  other  sentiment,  dear  to  every  true  Ameri- 
can heart — Libert\"  (iiiJ  Union,  now  and  tbrever,  one  and 
inseparable!  Damhl  Wkbstfr 

8+ 


OlR    Fl AC 

Tlll.RI.  is  the-  national  Hag!  lie  must  he  cold,  inclccd, 
who  can  look  upon  its  tolds,  rijipling  in  the  hreezc,  with- 
out pride  ot  country.  It  he  he  in  a  foreign  land  the  flag  is 
companionship  and  country  itself,  with  all  its  endearments. 
Who,  as  he  sees  it,  can  think  of  a  state  merely.^  Whose  e\e, 
once  fastened  on  its  radiant  trophies,  can  fail  to  recogni/.e 
the  imajre  ot  the  whole  nation  .'  It  has  heen  called  a  "floatinti 
piece  of  poetry";  and  yvt  1  know  not  if  it  has  any  intrinsic 
beauty  beyond  other  ensigns.  Its  highest  heaut\'  is  in  what 
it  symbolizes.  It  is  because  it  represents  all,  that  all  ga/.e  at 
it  with  delight  and  reverence.  It  is  a  piece  of  bunting  lifted 
in  the  air;  but  it  speaks  sublimely,  and  every  part  has  a  voice. 
Its  stripes,  of  alternate  red  and  white,  proclaim  the  original 
union  of  thirteen  states  to  maintain  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence. Its  stars,  white  on  a  field  of  blue,  proclaim  that 
union  of  states  constituting  our  national  constellation,  which 
receives  a  new  star  with  every  new  state.  The  two,  together, 
signify  union,  past  and  present.  The  ver)'  colors  have  a  lan- 
guage, which  was  ofHcially  recognized  by  our  fathers.  W  hite 
is  for  purity,  red  for  valor,  blue  for  justice;  and  all  together — 
bunting,  stripes,  stars,  and  colors  blazing  in  the  sky — make 
the  flag  ot  our  country,  to  be  cherished  b\-  all  of  our  hearts, 
to  be  upheld  by  all  of  our  hands.  Charles  Su.mner 


()  STARRY    IL.AG   OK   IXION,  HAIL! 
O  starry  flag  of  Union,  hail! 

Now  wave  thv  silktn  folds  on  liitjli. 
The  gentle  breeze  that  stirs  each  sail 
Proclaims  a  broad  dear  freedom  nigh. 

Who  dares  haul  down  from  mast  or  row'r, 

^  on  emblem  of  Columbia's  |)ride. 
Mis  life  holds  li^ht  in  that  ilread  hour, 

.Since  brave  men  tor  that  flag  have  died. 

We  raise  no  hand  for  strife  or  war, 

\N  e  jilead  tor  peace  for  ev'rv  land; 
Hut  love  we  always  each  bright  star, 

Kach  color,  stripe,  and  rain-bow  strand. 

lilut-  fiflJ,  thv  stars  for  evr\  state: 

Thy  crimson  striprs,  thy  peerless  uhlte. 
Have  now  o'er  us,  while  our  chorus 

Su.lh  r.ur  .,wr- /,:,..../.  GoJ  an.l  Rieht! 

Charles  W.  Johnson 

85 


Ht..-i 


(o'.;  iv^  ■       '  -   -  --      >    -.     ■  "nn  hiu 

'.ell  ! 

pOM  '' 

»ftii-r  ■      '1111- 

boriMigii      He  Willi"! 't  •<■ '' ■  ..!•  Nil,  ofttiu 

^liurnl,  lind  ««'a»ni)t  permiC^il  (o  return  letl 

'  lh«  iiiuiftddil  aitai-k  on  hiKlmore   'houM    bi- 

"■  d!»clu*tMj      il(*  was  IheiTttiri*  tvr<>uf(lit  Ofi  ihr 

■     flay  to  I  he  moMiU  of  the  I'.' j[>Mn,  whirclh- 

*    n^ijt  vciM:i  w*«  kepi  untlrr  lt>e  i^ufti  f>l  a  fil- 

£ale,  and  he  was  comprllc'l  lo  wilniMthr 
mfaaiiinicnl  o1  Korl  .V'Mcni).  wl.i>htlie 
AOioiral  haJ  bauted  that  he  unulJ  r.'i;  in 
t  fev  hoUM,  and  that  the  ciijr  niii*i  lull  lie 
u  alclir J  (he  lluf  at  the  fort  ihiotigh  (he  «  h-iln 
day  KiUi  an  aiixietv  thai  can  b<-  briter  felt 
Chan  de>rribed(  and)  the  ni|(h(  prevcnieil  hini 
from  seeing  iL  In  th«  ni<l:l  tie  »jtcl>edili« 
Uurub  Sh?Us,  and  at  earl)  dawn  hm  ryr  «d^ 
•A«in  ji[rreted  by  (bo  prcodly  warin|;  lUg  at 
bU  coantry 

7i<!>r— Ava'nr.ow  15  Hi!ati'<i. 
.  O!  ariy  ran  yi*u  see  by  the  dawn's  early  liKht> 
What  -0  prou  iiy  ivc  li4.ileii  al  tb«  twilight's 
last  gieAntn^, 
\Vhos«  btud  stiiiH-sand  bright  it«n  thrsogh 
llie  uerii'Mn  AKht, 
O'er  'he  rainputs  we  walch'd,  were  so  gal 
Unt!y  strranint  I* 
And  (he  Uu«keu'  red  glare,  the  Bombs  burst- 
ing in  tir, 
QmTe  proof  ihroagh  the  night,   that  our  I'lafi 
was  atdl  there  ; 
U  !  aay  dwa  that  tUr-tptngUd  Banner  yet 

ware, 
O'er  Uk  Land  gl  lb«  free,  and  the  home  c( 
the  t>ra«e7 

On  the  tbore  dimly  tetn  thrcvugh  ihe  miita  of 
the  fleep, 
Where  the   foe's  haagbly'hoit  in  dread  si- 
lence reptw«. 
What  is  that  which  the  brre«e,  o'er  ibc  tow- 
•nng  sleep, 
As  it  niful!)   blows,  heir  caace^ls,  half  dit- 

rluM? 

Jfow  II  cstrhrs  the  gleam  of  Ihe  iDorning't 

Aril  tKam, 
In  full  glory  rvSectedno*    bines  in  Ihastraan. 
'TIS  the  Uar  spangled  haaoer,  O!  lang  may 

it  wa»e 
O'er  (lie  land  of  the  feaii  ead  the  homa  of 
th*  bnre. 

AbA  "hen  is  that  hand  who  so  Taoatjngly 
swore 
f  hat  the  havoo  of  sear  and  the  battle's  coo- 
fusion, 
J^honie  and  BCoanUj,*hoald  leareas  na  moreP 
'    Their  t>l»od  hai  wuhed  out  their  fiwl  footr 

slaps  poflutioA. 
Ko  rrfttga  could  s^eethr^ hireling  and  slave. 
From  ihr  (eiror  of  Sight  or  Ibe  gwig  of  (ha 
grave. 
And  >li>'  star-epanglrd  banner  in  Iriiunpb 

d'tlh  waer. 
O'er-  the  Land  nf  Ihe  rrea,  aad  the  Hobo 

of  Ih..    Hr^ve. 

"r  when  frrisninn  s|iaM  stand*. 
'  tmrM  hitfics,  (nd'lhr  wv'a 

and  pa^ci^  may  tb«  llcav'n 

raiv-  (ha  l*ower  Chat  hath  andcaod  pra« 
Mfv'd  us  a  ntiioa  f 
Xt"'  •  -mjBsr  We  most,  when  a«T  «aasa  it  Is 
*     J"'t, 
Ard  this  ha  oor  motto— 'In  Ged  is  odrTnut' 
'    Add  the  siar-ipani;lrd  Uanoex  in  triuinph 
thall  wave, 
O'er  thr  Land  of  the  i'rer,  and  Ihe  liotaa 
^  -tf  IbaBAfai 


re,'  aril  land 


sittea  Icuv  ti*  .. 
nol  bvlig  ioecillun<o 
•ninii'  (tie  glwy  yiioneH  ^ 
.-rij  "i  the    mjrini  fgfty  *  . 

.•.,.1  I  itsy  •■■••,  u-  ,-r 'Me, 


.'..11,  I.  --.-_: 

un  that  111-  i>.u.'.l-,4  C^y. 

I  am,  sir,  with  respert  your  ol 
vant,  JDIillUABAk 

CapL  A  SrvirR, 

Maiine  Cotpm,  Washington. 

VVaaiii.vr,ro.«,  Sep'  ff 
Itrtth  Houj  i  of  Longress  yeitrrday  fo/ 
a  ijunrum,  and  appiiinted  a  joint  eom'/ 
In  iiif.tim  the  IVesiderti    that  they   We/ 
oied  and  ready  torecrirc  any  consmun 
be  mii(ht  have  to  make.   Ii  is  probAhlf  ^ 
fura  that  the  Mes>ai:e  will  be  dcltiere',' 

A'.: 


We  had  yesterday  nn  addilinm 
lion  of  an  authentic  rbararter  froi 
borbuod  of  Hiattsbuig,  which  is  n 
Ire  ol  the  most  interesting  ope  f 

The  gloriuus  vicuiry  obl^inv/' 
force  on  Lalii-  C  h«ni|ila 
of  that  arhieve(<ju)t 
l^rie, anJwai    pcthips  equ. 
its  const  i)uencf!>.     Tbe  twt  ~ 
tho  capture  of  one  British  ai 
the  trani|UTli(y  of  our  wastern  i 
battle  bt   ChainplaiB  preceded  .. 
complished  the  Jefeat  of  another 
luncd  a  formidable  invasion  ol    ou 
Ironiiw,  by  an  iiicur*ion  into  the 
liius  stale  Ml  (Ik  I'nion.      Toe  rrci 
hi,  every  where  diffused   heartlil 
been   rct«iveduilh  welcomr  hsiul 
long  as  histur<  prolongs  lo  poster  | 
collenian  ol  uther  (iincs,  the  i><me>i 
and  .MaciiimoicH  will  tMrcneiBcl 
thar  and  the  lanth  snii eleventh  oTll 
be  racorJed  as  fortunate  days  in  lb 
of  the  Kepiiblio  — /^  , 

CVXGRBR.S  UNITED  STA! 


iin  IS  I 
year 


MOKUAT,    sr.lT     W. 

This  beinK  the  day  assipncd  b; 
matiuo  of   tin  I'r^sidrnt  lor    ihe' 
Cnjogreis,  lh«  .Members  a-teio 
parinienu  prepared  lor  their  • 
at  the  UMH  hiiur.      Ttiese  re 
from  liiMilg  as  commodiuui  r 
oucupied  b^   the  two  hous' 
more  romtnrtahle  than  cr 
peered  finm  Ihe  exterior 
building  in  whi.h    liry  un 
brta  vry  nrsilj  and  eipedi 
under  ibe  diretiiun  of  the  Sl^ 
the  city. 

/»V  S£.\ATa.     \ 

The  Vice  PiMidcnl  not  h  iving  aiV 
Hon.  Jmin  (itiliMil,  i.r   3'iutbCaA 
sumnd  the  Chair  ai  Mrendoot  fro  It) 
of  the  Senat  •.  / 

Tharull  havmg  beaa  called,  it/ 
that  (he  following  mvmbnis  were  f 

from    .Sro  ll,mjilur,-\U 

/iA-Jt  ltU<U.~VU.  Howall. 

rrrmmst— Mr.  Robinson 

/'riui.ij/iuiua-^Massrs.  L  ' 
berU. 

Drimrorr — Mr.  Ilorsay. 

f'lr^.iMa— Me.sts.  Brent 

An(4  loro/iaa— Mr.   I'm 

,Sou4|X33ru>iKi->lr.  ffmi 

twr^lfl  -Mr.  1 

A.  »i  J.  Ay -.Mr.  B.^.i»_ 

7'cn«u<ee— Mc4 
ioo. 

(Mjo— M  • 


Thk  .St.^k  ,Si'an<;i,ed  Banner 
(Reproduced  from   Baltimore  American  of  St-ptcmbcr  21,  1S14) 


86 


THK   STAR   SPANGIJ.i:)    BANNER 

Till!  Star  Spangled  Banner  has  not  been  formally 
adopted  as  a  national  anthem,  because  it  relates  to  a 
special  war  incident  and  does  not  meet  all  the  require- 
ments of  a  national  song.  It  is,  ho\ve\er,  generally  acclaimed 
as  one  of  the  noblest  and  most  inspiring  of  American  h  rics 
and,  under  army  and  navy  regulations,  is  played  at  morning 
and  evening  "colors."  It  is  more  frequently  recited  and  sung 
on  patriotic  occasions  and  in  the  schools  than  any  American 
song,  with  the  exception,  perhaps,  of  America.  The  circum- 
stances under  which  it  was  written  gi\e  it  peculiar  interest. 
Its  author  was  Francis  Scott  Ke}',  a  lawyer  who  practised  in 
Maryland  and  Washington.  He  was  born  in  Frederick  county, 
.Maryland,  August  l,  1779,  and  died  in  Baltimore,  |an 
uary  11,  1843.  A  large  national  flag  floats  over  his 
grave  in  Mount  Olivet  cemetery  in  Frederick  and 
is  never  lowered,  except  to  be  replaced  by  a  new 
one.  A  volume  of  his  poems  was  published 
in  1856,  but  the  Star  Spangled  Banner 
alone  makes  his  name  immortal.  Mr 
Key  was  in  custody  on  the  British  frigate 
Surprise  during  the  attackon  Fort  McHenry, 
September  13,  1S14,  and  the  poem  vividly 
describes  what  he  then  witnessed.  From  the 
vessel  he  anxiously  watched  the  flag  on  the 
fort  during  the  da\-  and  through  the  night,  by 
"the  rockets' red  glare,"  and  to  his  joy  saw  in 
the  morning  the  "broad  stripes  and  bright 
stars"  still  "gallantly  streaming"  and  the 
British  beating  a  retreat.  He  began  to  write 
on  the  ship  and  upon  his  release  completed 
the  Stan/as  at  a  hotel  in  Baltimore.  A  fac- 
simile ot  the  poem  as  it  was  originall}-  pub- 
lished on  September  21, 18 14  in  the  Baltitnorr 
American  appears  on  the  opposite  page. 
The  flag  that  floated  over  Fort  McHcnry 
is  now  preserved  in  the  National  Museum 
at  Washington. 


Bronze  Mrmorial  Tablet 

Erected  bv  the  United  States  Governmeat 

at  Fort  McHenr)',  June  1909 


THE  AMERICAN   FLAG 

When  Freedom  from  her  mountain  htij^ht 
Unfurled  her  standard  to  the  air, 

She  tore  the  azure  robe  of  night, 
And  set  the  stars  of  glory  there. 

She  mingled  with  its  gorgeous  dyes 

The  milkv  baldric  of  the  skies, 

And  striped  its  pure  celestial  white 

With  streakings  of  the  morning  light; 

1  hen  from  his  mansion  in  the  sun 

She  called  her  eagle  bearer  down. 

And  gave  into  his  mighty  hand 

The  symbol  of  her  chosen  land. 

Majestic  monarch  of  the  cloud! 

Who  rear'st  aloft  thy  regal  form 
To  hear  the  tempest  trumpings  loud. 
And  see  the  lightning  lances  driven. 

When  strive  the  warriors  of  the  storm, 
And  rolls  the  thunder-drum  of  heaven! 
Child  of  the  Sun!  to  thee  'tis  given 

To  guard  the  banner  of  the  free, 
To  hover  in  the  sulphur  smoke. 
To  ward  away  the  battle  stroke. 
And  bid  its  blendings  shine  afar. 
Like  rainbows  on  the  cloud  of  war, 

The  harbinger  of  victory. 

Flag  of  the  brave!  thy  folds  shall  fly, 
The  sign  of  hope  and  triumph  high; 
When  speaks  the  signal  trumpet  tone. 
And  the  long  line  comes  gleaming  on. 
Ere  vet  the  life-blood  warm  and  wet. 
Has  dimmed  the  glistening  ba\onet. 
Each  soldier's  eye  shall  brightly  turn 
To  where  thy  sky-born  glories  burn; 
And,  as  his  springing  steps  advance. 
Catch  war  and  vengeance  from  the  glance. 
And  when  the  cannons'  mouthings  loud 
Heave  in  wild  wreaths  the  battle  shroud. 
And  got)'  sabers  rise  and  fall 
Like  shoots  of  flame  on  midnight's  pall. 
Then  shall  thy  meteor  glances  glow. 

And  cowering  foes  shall  sink  beneath 
Each  gallant  arm  that  strikes  below 

Ihat  lovely  messenuer  of  death! 


AUMiU^^MMtMMMMi^ 


Mag  ot  the  seas!  on  OLtaii  wave 
Thy  stars  shall  glitter  o'er  the  brave; 
When  death,  careering  on  the  gale, 
Sweeps  darkly  round  the  bellied  sad, 
And  frighted  waves  rush  wildly  back 
Before  the  broadsides  reeling  rack, 
Kach  dying  wanderer  at  sea 
Shall  look  at  once  to  Heaven  and  thee, 
And  smile  to  see  thy  splendors  fly 
In  triumph  o'er  his  closing  eye. 

Flag  ot"  the  tree  heart's  hope  and  home 

By  angels'  hands  to  valor  given; 
Thy  stars  have  lit  the  welkin  dome, 

And  all  thy  hues  are  born  in  Heaven. 
Forever  float  that  standard  sheet! 

Where  breathes  the  toe  but  tails  before  us, 
With  Freedom's  soil  beneath  our  feet. 

And  Freedom's  banner  streaming  o'er  us. 


Josvni  RnnMAN  Drakk,  the  author  of 
Tlie  Anifrican  Flag  was  born  in  New 
York  city  on  August  7,  1795.  He  was  a 
poet  from  boyhood,  his  earliest  poem. 
The  Mocking  Bird,  being  written  when  he 
was  a  mere  chiht.  In  1819,  together  with 
Fitz  Greene  Halleck,  he  l>egan  contribut- 
ing verses  to  the  New  fork  Evening  Post 
under  the  title  of  The  Croakers.  The 
American  Flag  first  appeared  in  this  series 
in  the  issue  of  May  29,  1819.  The  last 
four  lines  of  the  poem  were  written  by 
Halleck,  at  Drake's  request,  because  he 
was  not  satisfied  with  his  own  concluding 
lines.  Culprit  Fav,  a  wiilely  known  poem, 
has  its  scene  in  the  highlands  of  the  Hudson 
river.  Drake  died  on  September  21,  1820, 
and  was  buried  at  Hunt's  Point, \^'estchcste^ 
county,  N.  Y.  His  death  prompted  his 
friend  Halleck  to  write  the  familiar  lines: 
Green  be  the  turf  above  thee, 

Friend  of  mv  better  days ! 
None  knew  thee  but  to  love  thcc. 

Nor  named  thcc  but  to  praise. 


89 


Reproduced  from   Preble's   History  of  the   Flag 
90 


nil-.    AirilOk    OK  AMl.KICA 

Till     Rl  A.   Ik  ANdS   SMiril    1)1).,    rlu-   author  of 
AuKTica,  was  horn  in  Boston  on  Octohcr  21,  180S.     He 
aiccl  at  Newton  Ctntrc,  Massachusetts,  November  16, 
1805.     He  graduated  at  1  lai\  aid  C\)llege  with  the  famous  class 
of  iSig,  and  is  the  subject  of  Holmes's  familiar  lines: 
"Ami  tiuri-'s  a  nice  vouiiiisnr  ot"  ixct-Ilcnt  pitli; 
Fate  tried  to  conctal  liiiii  hy  naiuiiii;  liini  Smith." 

He  was  an  editor,  preacher  and  poet.  He  wrote  more 
than  100  hvmns.  He  is  best  known,  of  course,  b\-  the  national 
hvmn  America.  The  circumstances  under  which  it  was  writ- 
ten will  be  shown  best  in  Dv  Smith's  own  words  in  a  letter 
written  in  1S72,  to  Captain  Preble  of  the  United  States  navy. 
''The  origin  of  mv  hMim,  '  .M\  Country  'tis  of  Thee,'  is 
briertv  told.  ^In  the  year  iS^i,  Nlr  William  C.  Woodbridge 
returned  from  luirope,  bringing  a  (juantity  of  German  music- 
books,  which  he  passed  over  to  Lowell  Mason.  Mr  Mason, 
with  whom  I  was  on  terms  of  friendship,  one  day  turned  them 
over  to  me,  knowing  that  I  was  in  the  habit  of  reading  German 
works,  saying,  'Here,  1  can't  read  these,  but  they  contain 
good  music,  which  I  should  be  glad  to  use.  '1  urn  over  the 
leaves,  and,  if  vou  hnd  anything  particularly  good,  give  me  a 
translation  or  imitation  of  it,  or  write  a  wholly  original  song— 
ainthinu,  so  I  can  use  it.' 

'  "Accordinszly,  one  leisure  afternoon,  1  was  looking  ()ver 
the  hooks,  aiuffell  in  with  the  tune  of 'Ciod  Save  the  King,'  and 
at  once  took  up  my  pen  and  wrote  the  piece  in 
question.  It  was  struck  out  at  a  sitting,  without  the 
slightest  idea  that  it  would  e\er  attain  the  popular- 
it\^it  has  since  enjoyed.  1  think  it  was  written  in 
the  town  of  Andover,  Mass.,  in  February,  iS^jl. 
The  hrst  time  if  was  sung  publicly  was  at  a 
children's  celebration  of  American  independenci-, 
at  the  Park  Street  Church,  Boston,  I  think,  July 
4,  18^2.  If  1  hail  anticipated  the  future  ot  it, 
doubtless  I  would  have  taken  more  pains  with 
it.  Such  as  it  is,  I  am  glad  to  have  contributed 
this   mite   to   the   cause  of  .\merican   tjeedom. 


9» 


HAIL   COIAMBIA 

Mail  Columbia — happv'  laiiil. 
Hail  ye  heroes — heaven-born  band. 
Who  fought  and  bled  in  Freedom's  cause, 
Who  fought  and  bled  in  Freedom's  cause, 
And  when  the  storm  of  war  was  done, 
Enjoyed  the  peace  your  valor  won — 
Let  Independence  be  our  boast. 
Ever  mindful  what  it  cost; 
Ever  grateful  for  the  prize. 
Let  its  altars  reach  the  skies. 
Firm,  united,  let  us  be. 
Rallying  round  our  Liberty, 
As  a  band  of  brothers  joined. 
Peace  and  safety  we  shall  Hml. 

Immortal  Patriots,  rise  once  more, 
Defend  your  rights,  defend  your  shores; 
Let  no  rude  foe  with  impious  hand. 
Let  no  rude  foe  with  impious  hantl. 
Invade  the  shrine,  where  sacred  lies. 
Of  toil  and  blood,  the  wcll-earneil  |irize. 
While  offering  Peace,  sincere  ami  just, 
In  Heaven  we  place  a  manly  trust. 
That    Irutli  ami    justice  will  prevail. 
And  ever\'  scheme  of  bondage  fail. 
Firm,  united,  let  us  be, 
Ralhing  round  our  Liberty, 
As  a  band  of  brothers  joined, 
Peace  and  safety  we  shall  Hnd. 

Sound,  sound  the  trump  ot  tame. 
Let  Washington's  great  name 
Ring  through  the  worKl  \\iili  loutl  applause, 
Ring  through  the  world  with  loud  ap|ilause. 
Let  every  clime  to  Freedom  dear, 
Listen  with  a  joyful  ear; 
With  equal  skill,  with  godlike  power. 
He  governs  in  the  fearful  hour 
Of  horrid  war;  or  guides  with  ease 
1  he  happier  times  of  honest  peace, 
lirm,  united,  let  us  be. 
Rallying  round  our  Liberty, 
As  a  band  of  brothers  joined. 
Peace  and  safety  we  shall  find. 


92 


Ikhokl  the  chief,  who  now  comm:iiuls, 
Once  more  to  serve  his  countiy  statuls, 
1  lie  rock  on  wliich  the  storm  will  heat, 
The  rock  on  which  the  storm  will  heat, 
But  arm'd  in  virtue,  firm  and  true. 
His  hopes  are  fixed  on  Heaven  and  vou. 
When  hope  was  sinking  in  dismav. 
And  clouds  ohscured  Columhia's  day, 
I  lis  steadv  mind,  from  changes  free, 
Resolved  on  D,ath  or  Ltlnrtw 
Kirm,  united,  let  us  be. 
Rallying  round  our  Liberty, 
As  a  band  of  brothers  joined. 
Peace  and  safetv  we  shall  find. 


Joseph  Hopkinson',  the  author  of  Hail 
Columbia  was  born  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  on 
November  12,  1770.  Francis  Hopkinson, 
his  father,  was  one  of  the  signers  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence.  He  was  a 
lawyer,  representative  to  Congress,  judge  in 
a  I'nited  States  District  Court,  vice-presi- 
dent i)f  the  American  Philosophical  Society, 
president  of  tlic  Philadelphia  .Academy  of 
Fine  .Arts,  and  a  writer  on  legal,  educa- 
tional and  ethical  subjects.  He  is  best 
known,  however,  as  the  author  of  our 
famous  national  song,  which  was  written 
in  the  summer  of  1798,  when  the  .American 
people  were  taking  sides  in  the  contest 
between  England  and  France.  The  object 
of  the  po<-m  was  '"to  get  up  an  .American 
spirit  which  should  l>c  independent  of,  and 
above,  the  interests,  passion,  and  policy  of 
both  belligerents,  and  look  and  feel  exclu- 
sively for  our  honor  and  rights."  Judge 
Hopkinson  died  at  Philadelphia  on  January 
15.  iS4i- 


93 


'/CiZh7  fu^v  ^a/iACi^t^    erf    meT't/i,  UA<rvi-i^^ hu-, 
'rf'hx^t^   -dv    /t'iMT^t^rCt    i^fu^    &i"lo    huA'  ^ia^o  cAjav  , 

Ci^-^''  fi^  'ifAn^  ctr  'VuAZ'  'to'  ftvi'    (riyC'ti-iy^ 

YltoA^    CKc   uJit-cCVhi    i/u^  n.c^e'  unr>u  'ii^tcl   u-xThu, 

fUrV  •tJtO'    JZci'ly  c^  "tftUV   /^^     C'l^^nu    cit^i^fiy . 

dnz-    CiA-i^p^/c    a^t^i^  ftcu^    yW-    e^tk^, 

<rrti.cc    cfvct>LJ    hv'lfu'     %t^  urH<yCi^  ^^-^^^  tnUu/ 


Rcproduccil  trom   Treble's   History  of  the   Flaj; 

94 


A  SONG   FOR   Y\.\r.   DAY 

Your  Flag  and  my  Flag! 
And  how  it  flies  to-day 
In  yoi""  '•'"<i  ^"<^  "\V  land 
And  half  a  world  away! 
Rose-red  and  blood-red 

The  stripes  forever  gleam; 
Snow-white  and  soul-white — 
The  good  forefather's  dream; 
Sky-blue  and  true  blue,  with  stars  to  gleam  aright- 
The  gloried  guidon  of  the  day;  a  shelter  through  the  night. 

\'our  Flag  and  my  Flag! 

And,  oh,  how  much  it  holds — 
"^'our  land  and  my  land — 

Secure  within  its  folds! 
"^'our  heart  and  my  heart 

Beat  (juickcr  at  the  sight; 
Sun-kissed  and  wind-tossed, 

Red  and  blue  and  white. 
Fhe  one  Flag— the  great  Flag— the  Flag  for  me  and  you— 
Ciloritied  all  else  beside— the  red  and  white  and  blue! 

^'our  Flag  and  my  Flag! 

To  every  star  and  stripe 
The  drums  beat  as  hearts  beat 

And  fifers  shrilly  pipe! 
^'our  Flag  and  my  Flag — 

A  blessing  in  the  sky; 
Your  hope  and  my  hope — 
It  never  hid  a  lie! 
Home  land  and  far  land  and  half  the  world  around, 
Old  Olorv  hears  our  glad  salute  and  ripjiles  to  the  sound! 

Wii.BUR  D.  Nksbit 


THE   FLAG   GOES   BY 


Hats  off ! 
Alonp  the  street  there  comes 
A  M.ire  of  bugles,  a  ruffle  of  drums, 
A  flash  of  color  beneath  the  sky: 

Hats  off! 
The  flag  is  passing  by ! 

Blue  and  crimson  and  white  it  shines 
Over  the  stccl-tipped,  ordered  lines. 

H.its  off! 
The  colors  before  us  fly; 
But  more  than  the  flag  is  passing  by. 

Sra-fights  and  land-fights,  grim  and  great, 
Fought  to  make  and  to  save  the  state: 
Weary  marches  and  sinking  ships; 
Cheers  of  victory  on  dying  lips; 


Da\'5  of  plenty  and  years  of  peace; 
March  of  a  strong  land's  swift  increase. 
Equal  justice,  right,  and  l.iw. 
Stately  honor  and  reverend  awe. 

Sign  of  a  nation,  great  and  strong 
To  ward  her  people  from  foreign  wrong. 
Pride  and  glor)'  and  honor. —  all 
Live  in  the  colors  to  stand  or  f.iU. 

Hats  off! 
Along  the  street  there  comes 
A  blare  of  bugles,  a  ruffle  of  drums; 
And  loyal  hearts  arc  beating  high: 

Hats  off! 
The  flag  is  passing  by! 

Hr.NRV  HoicoMB  Br.NNtTT 


95 


C;()I)   SAVK   TIIK    ri.AC! 

Washed  ill  the  blood  ot  the  brave  and  the  blooming, 

Snatched  from  the  altars  of  insolent  foes, 
Burnini;  with  star-fires,  but  never  consuming, 

!•  lash  its  broad  ribbons  of  lilv  and  rose. 

Vainlv  the  proi^hets  of  Baal  would  rend  it, 

Vainly  his  worshipers  pray  for  its  fall; 
Thousands  have  died  for  it,  millions  defend  it, 

hmblem  ot  justice  and  mercy  to  all: 

Justice  rliat  reddens  the  sk\'  with  her  terrors, 
Mercv  that  comes  with  her  white-handed  train, 

Soothing  all  passions,  redeeming  all  errors, 
Sheathing  the  sabre  and  breaking  the  chain. 

Borne  on  the  deluge  of  old  usurpations, 

Drifted  our  Ark  o'er  the  desolate  seas. 
Bearing  the  rainbow  of  hope  to  the  nations. 

Torn  from  the  storm-cloud  and  flung  to  the  breeze! 

God  bless  the  Mag  and  its  lo\al  defenders, 

W  hile  its  broad  folds  o'er  the  battle-field  wave. 

Till  the  dim  star-wreath  rekindle  its  splendors. 
Washed  from  its  stains  in  the  blood  of  the  brave! 

Ol.IVlR    WuNDII.L    llol.MI-S 


THE  NAME   OF  OLD   CTORV 
1898 
Old  Glory!  sa\-,  who. 
By  the  ships  and  the  crew. 

And  the  long,  blended  ranks  of  the  Gray  and  the  Blue, — 
Who  gave  you,  Old  Glory,  the  name  that  \ou  bear 
With  such  pride  everywhere. 
As  you  cast  yourself  free  to  the  rapturous  air, 
And  leap  out  full  length,  as  we're  wanting  \ou  to  .' — 
Who  gave  you  that  name,  with  the  ring  of  the  same, 
And  the  honor  and  fame  so  becoming  to  you  : 
^  our  stripes  stroked  in  ripples  ot  white  and  of  red, 
With  your  stars  at  their  glittering  best  overhead — 
By  day  or  by  night 
Their  delightfulest  light 

Laughing  down  from  their  little  scpiare  heaven  of  blue! 
Who  gave  you  tlu'  name  of  Old  Ciilory — say,  who — 

Who  gave  you  the  name  of  Old  Cilory 

The  old  hiintwr  liftiJ,  and  jaltcring  tlun 

In  va^ue  lisps  and  whispers  fell  silctit  again. 

96 


Old  (ilorv, — speak  out!     We  are  asking  about 

1  lu\v  vou  happened  to  "lavor"  a  name,  so  to  say, 

That  sounds  so  taniihar  and  careless  and  jjay, 

As  we  cheer  it,  and  shout  in  our  wild,  bree/.y  way — 

//« — ihf  croud,  every  man  ot  us,  callinj^  you  that — 

Iff,  Tom,  Dick,  and  Harry,  each  swinj^inj;  his  hat 

And  hurrahing  "Old  Cilory!"  like  you  were  our  kin. 

When — Lord! — we  all  know  we're  as  common  as  sin! 

And  yet  it  just  seems  like  you  liumor  us  all 

And  waft  us  your  thanks,  as  we  hail  you  ami  tall 

Into  line,  with  you  over  us,  waving  us  on 

\\  here  our  gloriHed,  sanctified  betters  have  gone. 

And  this  is  the  reason  were  wanting  to  know 

(And  we're  wanting  it  so! 

Where  our  own  fathers  went  we  are  willing  to  go) 

Who  gave  vou  the  name  of  Old  (ilory — O-ho! — 

Who  gave  \ou  the  name  of  Old  (ilory  ? 

The  old  fiiig  unjurli'd  icitit  a  biUoix-\  tlirtll 

For  an  instant;  then  uistfully  siglitd  and  luas  still. 

Old  Glory:  the  story  we're  wanting  to  hear 

Is  what  the  plain  facts  of  your  christening  were, — 

Kor  your  name — just  to  hear  it, 

Repeat  it,  and  cheer  it,  's  a  tang  to  the  spirit 

As  salt  as  a  tear: 

And  seeing  you  Hy,  and  the  boys  marching  by. 

There's  a  shout  in  the  throat  and  a  blur  in  the  eye. 

And  an  aching  to  live  for  you  always — or  die. 

If,  dying,  we  still  keep  you  waving  on  high. 

.And  so,  by  our  love 

For  you,  floating  above, 

.And  the  scars  of  all  wars  and  the  sorrows  thereof. 

Who  gave  you  the  name  of  Old  (ilorv,  and  why 

Are  we  thnlleil  at  the  name  of  Old  (Ilory? 

Then  the  old  banner  leaped,  like  a  sail  in  the  blast, 
.4nd  fluttered  an  audible  answer  at  last. 

.And  it  spake,  with  a  shake  of  the  voice,  and  it  said: — 
By  the  driven  snow-white  and  the  living  blood-red 
Of  my  bars,  and  their  heaven  of  stars  overhead — 
Hy  the  symbol  conjoined  of  them  all,  sk\  ward  cast, 
.As  I  float  from  the  steeple,  or  flap  at  the  mast, 
Or  droop  o'er  the  sod  where  the  long  tjrasses  nod, — 
My  name  is  as  old  as  the  glory  of  (lod. 

."^o  I  came  b\   the  name  of  Old  dory. 

Jamis  WnircoMB  Rii.ky 

C*fyri[hi,  /S9S,  k)  ikt  tuthtr 

97 


CAP  IAIN    MOI.I.^'   Ar   MONMOI   in 

On  the  bloodv  fitlii  of'  Mi)iinu)utli  flashed  the  guns  ot  Cjreeiie  and  W'avne; 
Fiercely  roared  the  tide  ot   battle,  tliick  the  sward  was  heaped  with  slain. 
Foremost,  facing  death  and  danger,  Hessian  horse  and  grenadier. 
In  the  vanguard,  fiercely  fighting,  stood  an  Irish  cannoneer. 

Loudly  roared  his  iron  cannon,  nungling  ever  in  the  strife, 

And  beside  him,  firm  and  daring,  stood  his  faithful  Irish  wife; 

Of  her  bold  contempt  of  danger,  (ireene  and  Lee's  brigade  could  tell, 

Lvery  one  knew  "Captain  Molly,  "  and  the  army  loved  her  well. 

Surged  the  roar  ot  JKittle  round  tlitin,  switth'  flew  the  iron  hail; 
Forward  dashed  a  thousand  ba\()nets  that  lone  battery  to  assail; 
From  the  foeman's  foremost  columns  swept  a  furious  fusilade. 
Mowing  down  the  massed  battalions  in  the  ranks  of  (Jreene's  brigade. 

Faster  and  taster  worked  the  gunner,  soiled  with  powder,  blood,  and  dust; 
English  bayonets  shone  before  him,  shot  and  shell  around  him  burst; 
Still  he  fought  with  reckless  daring,  stood  and  manned  her  long  and  well. 
Till  at  last  the  gallant  fellow  dead  beside  his  cannon  fell. 

With  a  bitter  cry  of  sorrow,  and  a  dark  and  angry  frown. 
Looked  that  band  of  gallant  patriots  at  their  gunner  stricken  down. 
"Fall  back,  comrades!     It  is  folly  to  strive  against  the  foe." 
"Not  so!"  cried  Irish  Molly,  "we  can  strike  another  blow!" 

Quickly  leaped  she  to  the  cannon  in  her  fallen  husband's  place, 
Sponged  and  rammed  it  fast  and  stead\',  Hred  it  in  the  foeman's  face. 
Flashed  another  ringing  volley,  roared  another  from  the  gun; 
"Boys,  hurrah  I  "  cried  gallant  Molh,  "tor  the  flag  of  Washington!" 

Greene's  brigade,  though  shorn  and  shattered,  slain  and  blecdmg  half  their  men. 
When  they  heard  that  Irish  slogan,  turned  and  charged  the  toe  again; 
Knox  and  Wa\ne  and  Morgan  rally,  to  the  front  the\'  forward  wheel. 
And  before  their  rushing  onset  Clinton's  English  columns  reel. 

Still  the  cannon's  voice  in  anger  rolled  and  rattled  o'er  the  plain, 
Till  there  lay  in  swarms  around  it  mingled  heaps  of  Hessian  slain. 
"Forward!  charge  them  with  the  bayonet!"  'twas  the  voice  of  Washington; 
And  there  burst  a  fiery  greeting  from  the  Irishwoman's  gun. 

Moiickton  falls;   against  his  columns  leap  the  troops  of  W  a\ne  and  Lee, 
And  before  their  reeking  bayonets  Clinton's  red  battalions  flee; 
Morgan's  rifles,  fiercely  flashing,  thin  the  foe's  retreating  ranks. 
And  luhiiul  them,  onward  dashing,  Ogden  hovers  on  their  flanks. 

Fast  they  fly,  those  boasting  Britons,  who  in  all  their  glory  came. 
With  their  brutal  Hessian  hirelings  to  wipe  out  our  country's  name. 
Proudly  floats  the  starry  banner;   Monmouth's  glorious  field  is  won; 
And,  in  triumph,  Irish  Molly  stands  beside  her  smoking  gun. 

WlI.I.IAM    Coil. INS 

98 


Ol  R    11. AC    III 


Ilij^h  above!     Hii;li  above. 
Floats  the  standard  that  wo  love, 
Starrv  emblem  o^  our  mit;lu, 
I'roudiv  borne  in  man\   a  hi;lu, 
( )n  the  land  and  on  the  sea, 
Borne  along  to  victorv. 
1  yrants  tear  it,  freemen  cheer  ir, 

As  it  Hoats!     As  it  floats! 
Its  gav  stripes  lightlv  streaming, 
And  its  stars  brightly  gleaming 
From  the  sky  of  its  blue, 
Mark  the  banner  of  the  true. 


(ill    AliOVF 

Should  a  toe!     Should  a  foe! 
In  his  pride  his  strength  to  show. 
On  our  shore  presume  to  land. 
Firm,  undaunted,  we  will  stand. 
Shouting  loud  our  freeman's  cr\ , 
Our  proud  standard  waving  high. 
We  will  hghr  him,  we  wdl  smite  hmi. 

Fill  he  riv!      Fill  he  fly! 
For  stout  hearts  yield  them  nevir. 
And  strong  arms  con(|uer  ever. 
In  defense  of  their  sires, 
A.nd  their  altars,  ami  their  fires. 


Let  it  wave!      Let  it  wave! 
'Neath  its  folds  no  cowering  sla\e, 
(iround  to  earth  bv  tvrant  powtr. 
Waits  the  dawn  of  happier  hour; 
Under  it  ah  men  are  free, 
Breathing  air  of  libertv, 
W'e  revere  it,  let  us  cheer  it, 

Cheer  its  stripes!     Cheer  its  stars! 
For  its  stripes  breathe  defiance, 
.And  its  stars  speak  alliance, 
While  its  red  and  its  white. 
With  the  blue  of  truth  unite. 


May  it  staml!      May  it  stand! 
(luardian  o'er  the  happy  land, 
W  here  our  sires  forever  broke 
Haughty  despot's  iron  \oke. 
Mag  of  might  and  flag  of  right, 
Patriots  hail  it  with  delight. 
High  we  rear  it,  loud  we  cheer  it. 

Cheer  its  red,  blue,  and  white! 
For  the  North  and  South  uniteil, 
.And  the  F^ast  and  West  are  plighted, 
1  o  be  one  evermore, 
|-  rom  the  center  to  the  shore. 

P.  H.  McQu.ADE 


Fling  it  from  mast  and  steeple. 

Symbol  o'er  land  and  sea 
Of  the  life  of  a  happy  people. 

Gallant  and  strong  and  free. 
Proudly  we  view  its  colors. 

Flag  of  the  brave  and  true. 
With  the  clustered  stars  and  steadfast 
bars, 

1  he     red,    the     white,     ami     the 
blue. 


OIR    FLAC; 

Mag  of  the  fearless  hearted, 


Mag  of  the  broken  chain. 
Flag  in  a  day-dawn  started. 

Never  to  pale  or  wane. 
Dearly  we  prize  its  colors. 

With   the  heaven    light   breaking 
through, 
I  he  clustered  stars  and   the  steatlfast 
bars. 
Flu-  retl,  the  white,  ami  the  blue. 


Flag  of  the  sturdy  fathers. 

Flag  ol  the  loyal  sons. 
Beneath  its  folds  it  gathers 

Farth's  best  ami  noblest  oius. 
Boldly  we  wave  its  colors. 

Our  veins  are  thrilled  anew; 
By  the  steadfast  bars,  the  clustered  stars, 

Fhe  red,  the  white,  and  the  blue. 

M.\K(;arvt  K.  S.\ngsteb 


99 


NoriilNG    HLT    ILAGS 

Nothing  but  flags — but  simply  flags 

Tatttred  and  torn  and  hanging  in  rags; 

Some  walk  bv  them  with  careless  tread. 

Nor  think  of  the  hosts  of  patriot  dead 

That  have  marched  beneath  them  in  davs  gone  b\ , 

With  a  burning  cheek  and  a  kindhng  eve, 

And  have  bathed  their  folds  with  their  life's  young  tide. 

Ami,  d\ing,  blessed  them,  and,  blessing,  died. 

Nothing  but  flags — vet,  methinks,  at  night 
Thev  tell  each  other  their  tale  of  fright; 
And  spectres  come,  and  their  twin  arms  twine 
'Round  each  standard  torn,  as  thev  stand  in  line, 
As  the  word  is  given,  thev  charge;  thev  form! 
And  the  dim  hall  rings  with  the  battle's  storm! 
And  once  again,  through  smoke  and  strife, 
These  colors  lead  to  a  nation's  life. 

Nothing  but  flags — yet,  bathed  with  tears, 
Thev  tell  of  triumphs,  of  hopes,  of  fears; 
Of  earnest  pravers  for  the  absent  men. 
Of  the  battlefield  and  the  prison  pen; 
Silent,  thev  speak;   and  the  tear  will  start 
As  we  stand  before  them  with  throbbing  heart, 
And  think  of  those  who  are  not  forgot; 
Their  flags  came  hither — but  the\-  came  not. 

Nothing  but  flags — vet  we  hold  our  breath 
And  gaze  with  awe  at  these  types  of  death ; 
Nothing  but  flags — yet  the  thought  will  come. 
The  heart  must  pray  though  the  lips  are  dumb. 
They  are  sacred,  pure,  and  we  see  no  stain 
On  those  loved  flags,  which  came  home  again; 
Baptized  in  blood  of  our  purest,  best. 
Tattered  and  torn,  thc\-  are  now  at  rest. 


Moses  Owen 


The  good  ship  Union's  voyage  is  o'er. 

At  anchor  safe  she  swings. 
And  loud  and  clear  with  cheer  on  cheer 

Ikr  io\ous  welcome  rings: 
Hurrah!     Hurrah!     it  shakes  the  wave. 

It  thunders  on  the  shore, — 
One  flag,  one  land,  one  heart,  one  hand. 

One  Nation  evermore. 

OiiviR  Win  I)  1 1.1.  Hoimes 


SOMK   OFFICIAL    IMIKD   Si  ATFS    FLAGS 

Till  iiuriotKil  tLii^s  lioisrtii  ;it  c;inips  or  torts  art-  ot  the 
follow  int;  thifc-  si/.ts:  I  lu-  storm  aiul  recruiting  Hag, 
iiuasurinir  eijiht  teet  in  kiiLrtli  In  tour  teet  two  inches 
in  width;  tin-  post  Hag,  nuasunng  t\\enr\  teet  in  length  h\'  ten 
feet  in  witlth;  the  garrison  Hag,  measuring  thirt)-six  feet  in 
length  h\'  twent\'  feet  in  width  (this  Hag  is  hoisted  onlv  on 
h()lida\s  and  irreat  occasions).  I  lu-  union  is  one-third  of  the 
leiiirth  of  the  Hair,  and  extemls  to  the  lowir  edire  of  the  tourth 
red  stripe  trom  the  top. 

Color  and  Fi.. ac.s  for  iiii:  PRi-sini-NT  of  thi:  1'nitf:d  Statfs 

.\rm\'  regulations  provide  for  the  President  of  the 
United  States  a  silken  color  six  feet  six  inches  H\'  and  four 
feet  on  the  pike  ele\en  feet  long.  The  head  to  consist  of  a 
globe  two  inches  in  diameter,  surmounted  b\'  an  American 
eagle  alert  about  five  and  three-eighths  inches  high. 

.A  Hve-pointed  white  star  in  each  of  the  four  corners,  one 
point  upward;  in  the  center  of  the  color  is  placed  a  large  Hfth 
star,  also  of  h\e  points;  inside  of  this  large  star  is  placed  a 
p;irallel  star,  sep;ir;ited  from  it  b\'  ;i  band  of  white  one  ami 
one-h;ilf  inches  wuk-. 

Ihis  inner  st;ir  forms  a  blue  field  u]ion  -Ahich  is  jihiced  the 
official  coat  of  arms  of  the  Lnited  St;ites. 

On  the  scarlet  held,  around  the  hirger  star,  are  orlu  r  white 
stars,  one  for  each  state. 

Iheie  is  also  provided  a  flag  of  blue  Iniming,  to  be  ;ittached 
to  halliards  fourteen  and  forty  one-hundreilths  feet  H\-  and  ten 
and  twenty  one-hundredths  feet  hoist,  bearing  in  the  center 
the  official  coat  of  arms  of  the  Lnited  St;ites. 

.\  launch  Hair,  m;uli-  of  blue  buntiiiir,  three  ;iiul  six-tenths 
feet  hoist,  by  five  ami  rhiitcin  one-hundredths  feet  fl\',  made 
of  blue  bunting,  and  be;iring  m  the  center  the  of^cKil  co;it  of 
arms  of  the  I  mted  St;ifts,  is  ;dso  provided. 

Color    and    Flacs    i<>i<    im     M^.Kll\K^    oi     War 
rile  iirnn    regulations  jiro\iile  for  a  color  for  the  Secretar\- 
of  War,   m;ide  of  scarlet   b;inner  silk,   five  feet  six   inches  fl\ 


101 


iiiicl  tour  tier  tour  nulus  on  tlu-  j'ukc,  ha\ing  (.■mhroukrtM.l  in 
tach  conuT  a  ti\  (.-ponuccl  white  star,  one  point  upward,  and 
Ixarinii  in  the  center,  iinhroidered  in  colors,  the  official  coat 
ot  amis  ot  the  I  nitetl  States.      A  similar  flag,  of  scarlet  bunt- 


1\         ' 


I'lu-    li.illK.slni.    .\> 


VwiL 


ing,  to  he  attached  to  halliards,  measuring  twihe  feet  fl\   and 
six  feet  eight  inches  hoist,  is  also  prescribed. 

A  launch  flag,  of  scarlet  bunting,  bearing  similar  designs, 
and  measuring  three  and  six-tenths  teet  h\  h\e  and  rliiirccii 
one-hundi-edths  feet,  is  also  iiroxided. 


102 


Siniihir  colors  :iiul  flii^s,  t-xct-pt  that  tlu\-  shall  he  mack-  of 
white  haniur  silk  ami  whin-  luiiuiiig  with  scarlet  stars,  re- 
s[Hcti\  elw  are  proxuleil  tor  the  Assistant  Secretar\'  ot  War. 

N\ii()\\i    Coi.oKs  AM)  Standards 

The  national  colors  carried  h\  retjiinents  of  infantry,  the 
coast  artiller\'  corps  (for  h.  (j.  ot  each  artiller\'  district u 
and  hattalions  of  engineers,  in  hattle,  campaign,  or  occasions 
of  ceremony,  are  made  of  silk  and  are  five  feet  six  inches  Hy 
and  four  teet  four  inches  hoist,  mounted  on  pikes  nine  feet 
long.  The  ot+icial  disignatioii  of  the  organizations  carrying 
the  same  are  engra\ed  upon  a  siKer  hand  jilaced  on  the  pike. 

1  he  held  of  the  color  is  thirt)'  inches  long  (trom  the  pike 
casing)  and  extends  to  the  lower  edge  of  the  fourth  red  stripe 
from  the  top. 

The  national  standards  carried  hy  ca\  ah)'  and  held  artillery 
regiments  in  hattle,  campaign,  or  occasions  ot  ceremony  are 
also  made  of  silk  and  are  four  feet  fly  and  three  teet  hoist, 
mounted  on  lances  nine  feet  six  inches  long. 

1  he  field  of  the  standard  is  twenty-two  inches  long  from 
the  lance  casinjr  and  extends  down  to  the  lower  ediie  of  the 
fourth  red  stripe  from  the  top.  1  he  official  designation  of  the 
t)rgani/ations  carr\ing  the  same  are  engraved  upon  a  sil\er 
hand  placed  on  the  lance. 

"Service"  national  colors  and  standards  made  ot  hunting  (or 
other  suitable  material)  and  of  the  same  dimensions  as  above 
are  also  furnished  for  similar  commands  for  use  at  drills  and 
on  marches,  and  on  all  serxice  other  than  battles,  campaigns, 
and  occasions  of  ceremon}'. 

I  he  "serxice"  national  color  is  also  prescribed  tor  bat- 
talions ot  Phili|ipine  scouts,  for  use  on  all  occasions. 

Fl.AC;    OK    THK    Sl-CRFTARV    OF    THH    XavV 

1  he  flag  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Xav^•  is  made  in  four 
sizes,  size  No.  i  being  fourteen  ami  iOnv  oiu-hundredths  feet 
fly  and  ten  and  twenty  one-hundredrhs  feet  on  the  pike.  It 
has  a  blue  field  with  a  five-pointc-d  white  star  in  each  of  the 
four  corners,  one  point  upward,  and  a  white  anchor  in  the 
center.  I  he  flag  of  the  .Assistant  Secretar\-  of  the  \a\ y 
simply  reverses  the  colors,  having  a  white  field  with  blue 
stars  and  a  blue  anchor. 


»03 


M^ 


1  ^^^^^^^  15 
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lllh    A.MI.RICAN    Vl.AG 
A   RKFPIRENCK   LIST 

BOOKS 

Books  of  interest  to  school  children  arc  starred. 
Valuable  hooks  of  reference  for  teachers  are  double  starred. 

*Campbell,  Robert  A.     Our  flag;    or.  The  evolution  of  the 
Stars  and  Stripes.     Chicago,  Lawrence,  1890.     o.  p. 
Canhy,  Cieorge,  and    l^alderston,   Lloyd.      Kvolution   of  the 
American  flag.    Philadelphia,  Ferris  &  Leach,  1909.    $1. 
Champion,  Mrs  Sarah  L.     Our  flag,  its  history  and  changes, 
1620-1896.     2d  ed.     New  York,  Tuttle,  1896.      75c. 
**Fallo\vs,  Samuel   (ed.).     Story  of  the  American  flag,  with 
patriotic  selections  and  incidents.     Chicago,  Lducational 
Publication  Company,  1905.     40c. 
**Fow,  John  H.     True  story  of  the  American  flag.      Philadel- 
phia, Campbell,  1908.      50c. 
Hale,  Ldward   L\erett.      NLm  without  a   countr\-.     Various 

editions. 
Hamilton,    Schuyler.      Histor\-   of  the    national    flag   of  the 
L  nited    States    ot     America.      Philadelphia,     Lippincoti, 
1852.      o.   I"). 
**Harrison,  Peleg  D.      Ihe  Stars  and  Stripes  and  other  Ameri- 
can flags,  including  their  origin  and  history,  army  and 
navy  regulations  concerning  the  national  standard   and 
ensign,    flag    making,    salutes,    improvised,    unitjue    and 
combination  flags,  flag  legislation,  and  many  associations 
of  American  flags  including  the  origin  of  the  name  "Old 
(ilory,"    with    songs    and    their   stories.      Boston,    Little, 
Brown,  1906.     S^. 
*Holden,    Ldward   S.     Our   countr\'s   flag   and   the   flags   of 
foreign  countries.     New  ^'ork,  Appleton,  1898.     80c. 
'^*Hulme,   Frederick    L.     Flags   of  the  world;     their   history, 
bla/.onr}-,  and  associations.    New  '^'ork,  Warne,  1897.     $2. 
'''*Preble,  George  H.      Histor\'  of  the  flag  of  the  United  States. 
Boston,    Houghton,    Mif^in,    i^Q].     55.      The    standard 
history  of  the  flag. 
*Smirh,  Nicholas.     Our  nation's  flag  in  histor)-  and  incident. 
Milwaukee,  ^'oung  Churchman  Company,  1903.     $1. 

106 


Unitecl  States  I-.(]ulpiiHnt  Hiirtaii.      Flags  of  maritime  nations. 

Washington,  (  loNcrnmtnt  l^rinting  Otiice,  1N99.     o.  p. 
Weaver,  A.  ( 1.     Stor\    ot  our  flag,  colonial  and  national,  with 

a   historical   sketch   of  the  Quakeress,  Hetsv  Ross.      ImI.   2. 

Chicago,    The  .Author,  1898.     Si. 

m.\(;azim-   .\rtici.fs 
The  American  Hag.      Outlook,  Fehruar\-  25,   1S99.      61:479. 
Champion,  Mrs  Henr\ .      American  flag      the  ensign  of  liberty. 

journal    ot    .American     Ilistor\,     |anuar\     11^07.      1:9-10; 

C(»nnecticut  Magazine,   |anuar\    1907.      11:^'    11. 
Dwight,    Iheodore  W.     American  flag  and    lohn   Paul    lones. 

.Magazine  of  .American  Histor\',  October  1S90.      24:  2O9-72. 
l\llicott,    John    .M.      What  the  flags  tell.      St  Nicholas,   .March 

1895.      22:403-9.      I  Descrd^es      the      international      signal 

code. ) 
Cieare,  Ranilolph  1.      Historic  flags.      New   l.ngland  .Maga/me, 

August  1903.      34:702-10. 
(irirtis,  William    I*..      Where  our  flag  was  Hrst  saluted.      New 

i'.ngland  Magazine,    juh'   189^.      14:576-85. 
Hamilton,  Schuyler.     Our  national  flag,  the  Stars  and  Stripes, 

Its  histor\'  for  a  centurv.      .Magazine  of  .American  History, 

July  1877.      I  :  401    28. 
Stars  in  our  flair.      .M:i<razme  of  AiiRiican  liistoiv, 

Fehruarx'  1888.      ic;:  150   53. 
Hammond,    Harold.      Honors   to   the   flag.      St   .Nicholas,    July 

McFadden,  Parmalee.  Origin  of  our  flag.  St  Nicholas,  julv 
UJ03.     30:  805  8. 

Morgan,  M.  .M.  How  "()lil  (Ilor\  "was  nanucl.  .A  sketch  of 
the  New  I'.ngland  sea-caj>tain  who  thus  christened  the 
American    flag.       Harjiers    Weekl\',     Decemher     18,     1909. 

Ogden,  Y\.  A.     Our  flag's  hrst  engagement.      St  Nicholas,  juiv 

1907.    34:^3'  U- 

1  uftie\',    iulward    W  .      (  )rigin    of   the    Stars    and    Stripes.      St 

Nicholas,  No\ ember   188^.      i  i  :  h()   71. 
\  arne\',  (leorge    |.     Stars  and  Stripes,  a   Boston   uUa.      New 

Fngland  Magazine,   luh    1902.     32:539-48. 
Wheelan,    I'.    H.      A    hou.se   that  was   saved    bv   the   flag.     St 

Nicholas,   lul\    1908.      35:   791   93.      (How   the   flag  saved 

a  house  from  burning  in  the  San  Francisco  fire,  1906.) 

107 


Wilcox,  11.  K..  \\  .  Xarional  standards  and  cnihlciiis.  Har- 
pers Magazine,  July  i<^73-     47:171-81. 

Zch,  Lillian  K.  How  the  flags  for  our  battleships  are  made. 
\'an  Nordens  Magazine,  February  1908.     2:  123-28. 

POEMS    .AND    STORIES    OF    THE    FI..AG 

COLLECTIONS 

Carrington,  Henrv  15.  Beacon  lights  of  patriotism.  New 
^'ork,  Silver,  Burdett,  1894.      72c. 

Columbian    selections.      Philadelphia,    Lippincott, 

1892.      75c. 

Kggleston,    CI.    C.      .American    war    ballads    and    hrics.      2\ . 

New  York,  Putnam,  1889.     Si. 50. 
Matthews,  j.  Brander.      Poems  of  .American  patriotism.      New 

^'ork,  Scribner,  1882.      50c. 
Paget,  R.  L.      Poems  of  .American  patriotism.      Boston,  Page, 

1898.     Si. 25. 
Scollard,  Clinton.      Ballads  of  .American  bra\er\-.      New  \'()rk. 

Silver,  Burdett,  1900.      50c. 
Stevenson,   Burton   K.      Poems  of  .American  history.      Boston, 

Houghton,  MifHin,  1908.     $3. 

and    Idizabeth    B.      Da\s    and  deeds:    a    book  of 

verse.     New  York,  Baker  <5c    ra\lor,  1906.     Si. 

White,  Richard  Grant.  Poetr\-  of  the  Civil  War.  New  "\'ork, 
American  News  Companw  1866.     o.  p. 

INDIVIDI-AL    POF..MS 
Poems  in  collections  listed  above  arc  referred  to  by  compiler  and  page  only. 

Bennett,   Henr\'  H.     The    flag    goes    hv.     See    Paget,    p.    45- 

Bovle,  \  irginia    I'.      1  he  apron  flag.      Lre   Harrison,  p.  405-^. 

Bunner,  Henr\'  C.  The  old  flag.  See  his  Poems,  p.  92-93; 
also  abridged  in  Paget,  p.  11. 

Butterworth,  Hezekiah.  Festal  da\  lias  come.  See  Shoe- 
maker's best  selections,  number  20,  jv   154-57. 

• Flag    the    emigrants    cheered.      See    Carrington, 

Columbian  selections,  p.  261-6:5. 

Sonir   of   the    flac;.     See    Carrintrton,    Columbian 


selections,  p.  260-hi. 
Carleton,   \\  ill.      Language    of   the    flag.      See    his    Poems    tor 

young  .Americans,  p.  5()-6o. 
Cawein,  .Madison.      Under  the  Stars  ami  Stripes.      See  Paget, 

p.  246-47. 


108 


The  Confederate  flag.      See  White,  p.   ^2  5-2^'». 
Curtis,  (jeorge  \\  .      Aiiurican  Hag.      See  Fallows,  p.  79-80. 
Dorr,    Henry.     Spirit   ot    the    Hag.      See  Serihner's  Magazine, 

liitH'   loo.;.      .5 ^ :  700. 
Drake,      Joseph     Rodiiiari.      Ameneaii     Hag.      See      Matthews, 

(iiiiternian,  .Arthur.      Call  to  the  colors.      See  Ste\ensoii,  Poems 
of  .American  historw  p.  (wj-l^\   Paget,  p.  iqj  ()(). 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell.      Union  and  liherty.      See  his  Pomis 
(Camb.  ed.),  p.   u;S. 

The  Hower  ot  lilHrt\-.     See  his  Poems  iCamh.  ed.), 

p.   K)(i-97.^ 

( lod   sa\e   the   Ha*:.      See   his   Poems   iCamh.  ed.l, 


P-  IQ4-  .... 
Howe,     |ulia    Warti.        I  he    llag.       See     lu  r    l.atir    l\  rics,    |i. 

Irving,  .Minna.      Bets\'s  battle  Hag.      See  Stevenson,  l\xnis  ot 

American  history,  p.   191-92. 
Ke\-,    Francis   Scott.     Star   spangled   banner.     See   Kggleston, 

j-).   i.;S-40;  Matthews,  p.  1S7-89;  Paget,  p.  85-87. 
King,  I  loratio.     Our  beloved  flag.     See  Magazine  ot  .Anurican 

History,  August  1890.     24:  137-^8. 
Farcom,  I^ucy.      1  he  flag.    See  her  Poems,  p.  103;   also  Stexen- 

son.  Days  and  deeds,  p.  156-57. 
Long,    John   D.       I  he  Hag.      See   Harrison,  Stars  ami  Stri|tes, 

AFipes,  \  ictor.      A  stor\-  ot  the  Hag.      St  Xicliolas,    Iul\-  1892. 

19:643-46.      (.Adventures  of  two  .American  flags  in  Paris.) 
.Mitchell,  S.   Weir.     Song  ot   the  flags  on   their  return  to  the 

States    ot     the    Contederac\ .     See    Stevenson,     Poems    ot 

.American  historw  p.  655. 
Nesbit,  \\  ilbur  D.      ^  our  flag  and  m\  Hag.      See  Sindelar,  ]C, 

Lincoln  day  entertainments,  p.  ifi-ij. 
( )ne  beneath  Old  (ilorw      See  Paget,  p.  31.;. 
Owen,  .Moses.      Nothmg  but  flags.      See  Cam|ibill,  |">.   12  1-22. 
Parker,     Hubbard.     Old     flag.     See     Ste\ciison,     Days     and 

deeds,  p.   160-61. 
Proctor,    Fdna    D.      Columbia's    banner.      Sir    htr    Songs    ot 

.America,  p.  6-10. 

— Ihe  Stripes  and  the  Stars.      See  Pamt,  p.    128. 

Raymond,    (ieorge    L.      Hail    thi-    flag.      See    his    Hallads  and 

poems,  p.  160-62. 

109 


Ra\ni()iul,  R.  \\  .      lianiK-r  of  rlu-  stars.      Sec*  Paget,  p.  I4O-41 
Reid,    1  hoiiias    liuchanan.      Ma*:;    <)t    the   constellation.       See 

Kgglcston,  J").   186-S7. 
Richarcl.s,    Laura    I',.      Our   colors.      See   (ieorge,    Marian    .M., 

The  plan  hook.  Spring-intermediate,  p.  1294. 
Rile\',  janies  \\  hitconih.     Xaiiie  of  Old  (ilor\'.     See  his  Home 

folks,   p.  4   7. 
M.   W.  S.       The  flag.      See  Paget,  p.    ^7-^.S. 
Shaw,  l)a\icl    1  .      Coluiiihia  the  ltcmi  of  the  ocean.      Sec  Pa^ret, 

Smith,  Dexter.      ()ur  national  haiiiur.      See  Stexenson,  Potnis 

of  .American  histoi}',  p.  57S. 
Smith,   Samuel   Francis.      America.      See    his    Poems   of    home 

ami  C()untr\',  p.  77-7H. 
\Va\e  the  flag  on   high.      See  his   Poems  of  home 

and  country,  p.  156. 
Stanton,  Frank  I,.     Old  flag  forever.     See  Paget,  p.  36. 
Street,  Alfred   B.      Return  of   the  flags  of   the  \olunteer  regi- 
ments to  their  states.     See  Canijihell,  p.   125-2^. 
Stryker,  M.  \\  .      Fvery  star  a  story.     See  Smith,  N.,  ji.  i<SY>-S7. 
1  hompson,  Maurice.      An  incident  of  the  war.      See  Scollard, 

p.  99-101. 
Trowbridge,     John     l.      The    color-hearer.      See    his    Poetical 

works,  p.  .^H-.^9- 
Wells,      Mary.       For      the      flag.       St      Nicholas,     )ul\      190S. 

35:771-76. 
Whittier,     John     Greenleaf.       Barbara     Frictchie.       See     his 

Poetical    works,    \arious    editions. 
Wilder,   fohn  N.     Stand  by  the  flag.     See  Ikllamy,  R.  W  .  cV 

Goodwin,  M.  W.,  Open  sesame,  2:4-5. 
Woodman,  Horatio.      1  he  flag.     See  White,  p.  5-O. 


no 


Education  Department. 

S.^a.i.O.B.i.yo"  comply,  of 

Albany. 


YD  22ouU 


14  DAY  USE 

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